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Step 1 Review > Renal Path High Yield > Flashcards

Renal Path High Yield Flashcards

1
Q

Nephritic/ nephrotic/ both?

FSGN

A

Nephrotic

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2
Q

Nephritic/ nephrotic/ both?

MPGN

A

Nephritic

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3
Q

Nephritic/ nephrotic/ both?

Amyloidosis

A

Nephrotic

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4
Q

Nephritic/ nephrotic/ both?

Minimal change disease?

A

Nephrotic

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5
Q

Nephritic/ nephrotic/ both?

Alport syndrome

A

Nephritic

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6
Q

Nephritic/ nephrotic/ both?

PSGN

A

Nephritic

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7
Q

Nephritic/ nephrotic/ both?

RPGN

A

Nephritic

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8
Q

Nephritic/ nephrotic/ both?

Membranous nephropathy

A

Nephrotic

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9
Q

Nephritic/ nephrotic/ both?

Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

A

Both

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10
Q

Nephritic/ nephrotic/ both?

IgA nephropathy (berger disease)

A

Nephritic

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11
Q

“subepithelial immune complex humps”

A

PSGN

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12
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is PSGN?

A

Type III

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13
Q

“peripheral and periorbital edema, cola colored urine, HTN”

A

PSGN

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14
Q

“crescent moon shape on light micropscopy”

A

RPGN

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15
Q

What do cresents consit of in RPGN?

A

Fibrin and plasma protein with macrophages, and monocytes

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16
Q

What 3 diseases can lead to RPGN?

A

Goodpasture
Wegeners
Microscopic polyangiitis

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17
Q

What can lead to DPGN (diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis)?

A

SLE and MPGN

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18
Q

How does DPGN appear on IF?

A

Granular

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19
Q

How does IgA nephropathy loop on LM and EM?

A

Mesangial proliferation and deposits

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20
Q

“episodic hematuria with RBC casts”

A

IgA nephropathy

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21
Q

“mtation in type IV collagen leading to thinning and splitting of glomerular basement membrane”

A

Alport syndrome

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of MPGN?

A

Type I: subendothelial immune complex deposits with granular IF

Type II: intramembranous IC deposits (dense deposits)

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23
Q

“segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis nonselfic for focal deposits of IgM, C3 and C1”

A

FSGS

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24
Q

Is there immune complex deposition in FSGS?

A

NOPE!

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25
Q

“effacement of foot processes, most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children:

A

Minimal change disease

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26
Q

Treatment for MCD?

A

Corticosteroids

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27
Q

What race is FSGS common in/

A

African americans and hispanics

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28
Q

“spike and dome appearance on EM”

A

Membranous nepropathy

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29
Q

What race is membranous nephropathy common in?

A

Caucasian

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30
Q

What diseaeses can lead to membranous nephropathy?

A

Hep B, Hep C

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31
Q

“mesangial expansion, GBM thickening, eosinophilic nodular glomerularsclerosis”

A

Diabetic glomerulonephropathy

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32
Q

What occurs to the efferent arterioles and the GBM in diabetic glomerulonephropathy?

A

Nonezymatic glycosylation

33
Q

How is diabetic glomerulonephropathy treated?

A

ACEi

34
Q

Calcium phosphate stone precipitate at what pH?

A

increased

35
Q

Calcium oxalate stones precipitate at what pH?

A

decreased

36
Q

Shape calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate stones?

A

envelope or dumbbell

37
Q

Ammonium magnesium phosphate stones precipitate at what pH?

A

increased

38
Q

“staghorn calculi”

A

ammonium magnesium pphosphate stones caused by urease (+) bacteria

39
Q

Uric acid stone precipitate at what pH?

A

decreased pH

40
Q

coffin lid shaped stones?

A

ammonium magnesium phosphate

41
Q

rhomboid or rosette stones?

A

Uric acid

42
Q

Cystine stone preceipitate at what pH?

A

decreased

43
Q

Which stones are radiolucent?

A

Uric acid and cysteine

44
Q

What is a possible complication of hydronephrosis?

A

compression and possible atrophy of renal cortex and medulla

45
Q

What is a MAJOR risk factor for RCC?

A

Smoking!

46
Q

What is the most common location of RCC?

A

PCT cells

47
Q

What are 3 paraneoplastic conditions associated with RCC/

A

1- EPO
2- ACTH
3- PTHrP

48
Q

What gene mutation can RCC possibly be associated with?

A

VHL tumor suppressor gene

49
Q

“benign epithelial tumor of the kidney with abundent mitochondria without perinuclear clearing”

A

Renal pncocytoma

50
Q

What chromosome are WT1 and WT2 located on?

A

Chromosome 11

51
Q

What is WAGR?

A

Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary malformation, mental retardation

52
Q

“large palpable unilateral flank mass in children (age 2-4)”

A

Wilms tumor

53
Q

Painless hematuria (no casts) in older adults suggests….

A

bladder cancer (transitional cell carcinoma)

54
Q

What exposures can cause transitional cell carcinoma?

A

1- Smoking
2- Phenacetin
3- Analine dyes
4- Cyclophosphamide

55
Q

What are the 2 growth patterns of transitional cell carcinoma?

A

Flat (early p53 mutation)

Papillary

56
Q

What causes sterile pyuria?

A

N. gonorrhea and Chlamydia

57
Q

Inflammatory cells of acute phyelonephritis?

A

Neutrophils

58
Q

What is found in the urine of someone with pyelonephritis?

A

WBC casts

59
Q

What are 4 possible complications of acute pyelonephritis?

A

1- chronic pyelonephritis
2- renal papillary necrosis
3- perinephric abscess
4- urosepsis

60
Q

What predisposes to recurrent/ chronic pyelonephritis?

A

Vesicoureteral reflux or chronically obstructing kidney stones

61
Q

What is the lag time between drug exposure and drug induced interstitial nephritis?

A

1-2 weeks for most drugs

it can occur months later for NSAID exposure

62
Q

What are the symptoms of drug induced interstitial nephritis?

A

Pyuria (eosinophils) and azotemia

63
Q

What can cause diffuse cortical necrosis?

A

generalized cortical infarction–> from DIC and vasospasm

64
Q

What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

65
Q

“muddy brown casts”

A

acute tubular necrosis

66
Q

What are two general causes of acute tubular necrosis?

A

1- ischemia

2- nephrotoxic drugs

67
Q

BUN: Cr in acute tubular necrosis?

A
68
Q

FeNa in acute tubular necrosis?

A

Increased

69
Q

“sloughing of necrotic renal papillae–> gross hematuria and proteinuria”

A

renal papillary necrosis

70
Q

What conditions can cause renal papillary necrosis?

A

Sickle cell disease
Acute pyelonephritis
NSAIDs
Diabetes mellitus

71
Q

BUN: Cr in prerenal azotemia?

A

> 15

72
Q

FeNa of prerenal azotemia?

A
73
Q

What are the consequences of renal failure?

MAD HUNGER

A 
Metabolic Acidosis
Dyslipidemia
Hyperkalemia
Uremia
Na/ H20 retention
Growth retardation
Erythropoietin failure
Renal osteodystrophy
74
Q

What is renal osteodystrophy?

A

failure of vitamin D hydroxylation, hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia–> secondary hyperparathyroidism

75
Q

What chromosome is PKD1 on? PKD2?

A

PKD1= chromosome 16

PKD2= chromosome 4

76
Q

What are common complications of ADPKD?

A

Hepatic cysts
Berry aneurysms
HTN
Mitral balbe prolapse

77
Q

“inherited disease cauing tubulointerstitial fibrosis and progressive renal insufficiency with inability to concentrate urine”

A

Medullary cystic disease

78
Q

Which has an increased risk of RCC… simple cyts or complex cysts?

A

Complex!

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