Cardio High Yield Flashcards
1
Q
Bulbus cordis gives rise to…
A
Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
2
Q
Primitive pulmonary vein gives rise to….
A
smooth part of left atrium
3
Q
What heart defect is seen in Kartagener syndrome?
A
Dextrocardia
Defect in Left-right dynein
4
Q
What causes the close of foramen ovale shortly after birth?
A
increase in LA pressure
5
Q
“failure of septum premum and septum secundum to close”
A
Patent foramen ovale
6
Q
Aortic and pulmonary valves are derived from…
A
endocardial cushions of outflow tract
7
Q
Mitral/ tricuspid valves are derived from…
A
Fused endocardial cushions of the AV canal
8
Q
What is the urachus?
A
Part of allantoic duct between bladder and umbilicus
9
Q
What does the umbilical vein become?
A
Ligamentum teres hepatis
10
Q
MAP equation?
A
MAP= 2/3DP + 1/3SP
MAP= CP x TPR
11
Q
Pulse pressure equation?
A
PP= SP- DP
12
Q
Relationship between PP and stroke volume?
A
Directly related!
13
Q
How does digitalis increase contractility?
A
Blocks Na/ K pump–> increased intracellular Na–> decrease Na/Ca exchange–> increased intracellular Ca
14
Q
4 factors leading to myocardial oxygen demand?
A
Increased contractility
increased afterload
increased heart rate
increased diameter of ventricle (wall tension)
15
Q
Name 2 drugs that decreased afterload?
A
ACEi and vasodilators (ex: hydralazine)
16
Q
Resistance of vessels in series/.
A
TR= R1 + R2 + R3…
17
Q
Resistance of vessels in parallel?
A
1/TR= 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3…
18
Q
How does inspiration affect venous return?
A
increases venous return due to drop in intrathoracic pressure
19
Q
What is normal splitting of heart sounds?
A
delayted closure of Pulmonic valve during inspiration
20
Q
What is wide splitting?
A
RV delayed empyting that causes an exaggeration of normal splitting
21
Q
What is fixed splitting?
A
Seen in L–> R shunts that increase RA and RV volumes and delays closure of pulmonic vlaves in inspiration and ezpiration at teh same ratio
22
Q
What is paradoxical splitting?
A
delayed aortic valve closure!
23
Q
When/ where do you hear aortic stenosis murmur?
A
Systole…Aortic area
24
Q
When/ where do you hear aortic valve sclerosis?
A
Systole…aortic area
25
When/ where do you hear pulmonic stenosis murmur?
systole...pulmonic area
26
When/ where do you hear tricupsid stenosis murmur?
diastole...tricuspid area
27
When/ where do you hear mitral stenosis murmur?
diastole...mitral area
28
When/ where do you hear mitral regurgitation mumur?
Systole...mitral area
29
When/ where do you hear do you hear tricuspid regurgitation murmur?
pansystolic murmur...tricuspid area
30
"AD inherited long QT" syndrome
Romano Ward Syndrome
31
"AR inherited long QT syndrome and sensorineural deafness"
Jervell and Lange- Nielsen syndrome
32
"AD disorder in asian males that shows RBBB and ST elevtion in V1-V3"
Brugada Syndrome
33
"abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to ventricle bypassing the rate slowing AV node. delta wave is a common finding"
Wolf- Parkinson- White Syndrome
34
"sawtooth" pattern on EKG?
Atrial flutter
35
Management for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter?
1- Antithrombotic
2- Rate control
3- Rhythm control
4- Cardioversion
36
"progressively lengthening PR until QRS is dropped"
Mobitz type 1 (Wenchebach) AV block
37
"randomly dropped QRS with no change in length of the PR interval"
Mobitz type II AV block
38
What type of heart block is seen in Lyme disease?
3rd degree AV block
39
How does ANP act?
Through cGMP to cause vasodilation
40
What releases ANP and what releases BNP?
ANP= atrial monocytes
BNP= ventricular monocytes
41
Peripheral chemoreceptorss respond to...
decreased PO2, increased PCO2, and decreased pH
42
Central chemoreceptors responds to...
Left ventrcle
43
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure can estimate...
Left ventricle pressure
44
4 main factors determining autoregulation of the heart?
Adenosine, Na and CO2 and decreased O2
45
What can cause vasoconstriction of the lungs?
Hypoxia
46
5 metabolites that determine autoregulation of skeletal muscle during exercise?
Lactate, adenosine, K+, H+, and CO2
47
"lack of aorticopulmonary septum formation"
presistent truncus arteriosus
48
"failure of aorticopulmonary septum to spiral"
transposition of great vessels
49
What exposure is transposition of great vessels associated with?
Maternal diabetes
50
Persistent truncus arteriosis is associated with...
22q11 syndromes
51
Alcohol exposure is associated with which congenital cardiac defect...
VSD, ASD, PDA and tetralolgy of Fallot
52
In order for survivial what does tricuspid atresia require?
ASD and VSD
53
Down syndrome is associated with what congenital cardiac defects?
AV septal defect, VSD, ASD
54
"hardening of arteries with small wall thickening and loss of elasticity"
Arteriosclerosis
55
Name the 2 types of arteriolosclerosis:
Hyaline--> essential HTN and diabetes mellitus
Hyperplastic--> severe HTN
56
"calcification of elastic lamina of medium sized arteries"
Moncheberg (medial calcific sclerosis)
57
"disease of elastic arteries and large- and medium- sized muscular arteries caused by build up oc cholesterol plaqus"
atherosclerosis
58
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is associted with...
HTN, bicuspid aortic valve, Marfan, Tertiary Syphilis
59
"intraluminal tear in the aorta"
aortic dissection
60
What is stable angina usually due to?
atherosclerosis
61
What is variant (Prinzmetal) angina usually due to?
Secondary to coronary vasospasm
62
What are some triggers of variant (prinzmetal) angina?
Tobaccco, cocaine, triptans
63
Most common cause of myocaridal infarction?
Rupture of coronary artery atherosclerotic plaque
64
Which shows ST elevation...transmural infarction or subendocardial infarction?
Transmural only
65
EKG leads with ST elevations in LAD/ anteroseptal infarct?
V1-V2
66
EKG leads with ST elevations in distal LAD/ anteroapical infarct?
V3-V4
67
EKG leads with ST elevations in LAD/ LCX/ anterolateral infarct?
V5-V6
68
EKG leads with ST elevations in lateral/ LCX infarct?
I, aFL
69
EKG leads with ST elevations in inferior/ RCA infarct?
II, III, aVF
70
What is dressler syndrome?
Autoimmune phenomenon resulting in fibrinous pericarditis (several weeks post-MI)
71
When is a friction rub seen Post MI?
1-3 days
72
When is free wall rupture and cardiac tamponade seen post MI?
3-14 days
73
What is the most common cardiomyopathy?
dilated cardiomypathy
74
What is the main problem in dilated cardiomyopathy?
systolic dysfunction
75
Which type of cardiomyopathy is associated with friedreich ataxia?
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
76
Which type of cardiomyopathy leads to sudden death in young athletes?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
77
What is the main problem in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Systolic dysfunction (because marked ventricular hypertrophy)
78
What causes restrictive/ inflitratie cardiomyopathy?
sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, fibrosis
79
3 signs of Left heart failure?
Orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, pulmonary edema
80
3 signs of right heart failure?
hepatomegaly (nutmeg liver), Jugular venous distention, peripheral edema
81
Main change in hypovolemic shock?
Decreased Preload
82
Main problem in cardiogenic shock?
decreased CO
83
Main problem in disributive shock?
Decreased SVR (afterload)
84
"small, painless erythematous lesions on the palm or sole of feet seen in endocarditis"
janeway lesions
85
"small, painless erythematous lesions on the palm or sole of feet seen in endocarditis"
Janeway lesions
86
Heart valves preferred by S. aureus?
tricuspid
87
What valves does viridans streptococci prefer?
congenitally abnormal or diseased valves
88
Organism that can cause endocarditis in colon cancer?
S. bovis
89
Valve preferred by Libman-Sacks endocarditis in Lupus?
Mitral valve
90
Heart valves preferred by S. pyogenes in rheumatic heart disease?
Mitral aortic >> tricuspid
91
What type of hypersensitivity is rheumatic fever?
Type II hypersensitivity
92
What is the treatment for rheumatic heart disease?
Penicillin
93
What are antischkow cells?
enlarged macrophages with ovoid, wavy rod like nucleus
94
What is beck triad? What is it associated wth?
hypotension + distended neck veins + distant heart sounds
seen in cardiac tamponade
95
Location of myxomas?
Left atria
Mainly seen inadults
96
Location of cardiac rhabdomyomas?
Ventricle
Seen in children
97
"increase in JVP on inspiration"
Kussmaul sign
98
What are 3 causes of kussmaul sign?
1- Constrictve pericarditis
2- restrictive cardiomyopathy
3- R atrial or ventricular tumors
99
"benign capillart hemangioma of the elderly"
Cherry hemangioma
100
"cavernous lymphangioma of the neck associated with turner syndrome"
cystic hygroma
101
"polypoid capillary hemangioma that can ulcerate and bleed"
pyogenic granuloma
102
"benign capillary hemangioma of infancy"
strawberry hemangioma
103
How is Raynaud's treated?
Ca channel blockers
104
"Temporal artery headache, blindess, granulomatous inflammation"
Temporal (giant cell) arteritis
105
"Pulseless disease, feverm skin nodules, ocular disturbances, granulomatous thickening and narrowing of aortic arch"
Takayasu arteritis
106
"necrotizing vasculitis involving real and visceral vessels, string of pearls, immune complex mediated"
Polyarteritis nodosa
107
"asian children, conjunctival injection, rash, strawberry tong, hand and foot changes, possible coronary artery aneurysm"
Kawasaki disease
108
"asian children, conjunctival injection, rash, strawberry tong, hand and foot changes, possible coronary artery aneurysm"
Kawasaki disease
109
"intermittent claudication that can lead to gangrene and autoamputation of digits"
Buerger disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)
110
""perforation of nasal septum, chronic sinusitis, hemoptysis, hematuria focal necrotizing vasculitis and necrotizing granulomas in the lungs, cANCA"
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegeners)
111
"pANCA, necrotizing vasculitis without granulomas and no nasopharyngeal involvement"
Microscopic polyangiitis
112
"astham, sinusitis, slin noduels, purpura, pANCA, granuomas necrotizing vasculitis, increased IgE"
Churg- Strauss
113
"most common childhood systemic vasculitis, palpable purpura on butt and legs, arthalgias, GI pain, IgA immune complex deposition"
Henoch- Schonlein
