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Step 1 Review > Cardio High Yield > Flashcards

Cardio High Yield Flashcards

1
Q

Bulbus cordis gives rise to…

A

Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles

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2
Q

Primitive pulmonary vein gives rise to….

A

smooth part of left atrium

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3
Q

What heart defect is seen in Kartagener syndrome?

A

Dextrocardia

Defect in Left-right dynein

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4
Q

What causes the close of foramen ovale shortly after birth?

A

increase in LA pressure

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5
Q

“failure of septum premum and septum secundum to close”

A

Patent foramen ovale

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6
Q

Aortic and pulmonary valves are derived from…

A

endocardial cushions of outflow tract

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7
Q

Mitral/ tricuspid valves are derived from…

A

Fused endocardial cushions of the AV canal

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8
Q

What is the urachus?

A

Part of allantoic duct between bladder and umbilicus

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9
Q

What does the umbilical vein become?

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis

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10
Q

MAP equation?

A

MAP= 2/3DP + 1/3SP

MAP= CP x TPR

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11
Q

Pulse pressure equation?

A

PP= SP- DP

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12
Q

Relationship between PP and stroke volume?

A

Directly related!

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13
Q

How does digitalis increase contractility?

A

Blocks Na/ K pump–> increased intracellular Na–> decrease Na/Ca exchange–> increased intracellular Ca

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14
Q

4 factors leading to myocardial oxygen demand?

A

Increased contractility

increased afterload

increased heart rate

increased diameter of ventricle (wall tension)

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15
Q

Name 2 drugs that decreased afterload?

A

ACEi and vasodilators (ex: hydralazine)

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16
Q

Resistance of vessels in series/.

A

TR= R1 + R2 + R3…

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17
Q

Resistance of vessels in parallel?

A

1/TR= 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3…

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18
Q

How does inspiration affect venous return?

A

increases venous return due to drop in intrathoracic pressure

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19
Q

What is normal splitting of heart sounds?

A

delayted closure of Pulmonic valve during inspiration

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20
Q

What is wide splitting?

A

RV delayed empyting that causes an exaggeration of normal splitting

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21
Q

What is fixed splitting?

A

Seen in L–> R shunts that increase RA and RV volumes and delays closure of pulmonic vlaves in inspiration and ezpiration at teh same ratio

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22
Q

What is paradoxical splitting?

A

delayed aortic valve closure!

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23
Q

When/ where do you hear aortic stenosis murmur?

A

Systole…Aortic area

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24
Q

When/ where do you hear aortic valve sclerosis?

A

Systole…aortic area

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25
Q

When/ where do you hear pulmonic stenosis murmur?

A

systole…pulmonic area

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26
Q

When/ where do you hear tricupsid stenosis murmur?

A

diastole…tricuspid area

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27
Q

When/ where do you hear mitral stenosis murmur?

A

diastole…mitral area

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28
Q

When/ where do you hear mitral regurgitation mumur?

A

Systole…mitral area

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29
Q

When/ where do you hear do you hear tricuspid regurgitation murmur?

A

pansystolic murmur…tricuspid area

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30
Q

“AD inherited long QT” syndrome

A

Romano Ward Syndrome

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31
Q

“AR inherited long QT syndrome and sensorineural deafness”

A

Jervell and Lange- Nielsen syndrome

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32
Q

“AD disorder in asian males that shows RBBB and ST elevtion in V1-V3”

A

Brugada Syndrome

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33
Q

“abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to ventricle bypassing the rate slowing AV node. delta wave is a common finding”

A

Wolf- Parkinson- White Syndrome

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34
Q

“sawtooth” pattern on EKG?

A

Atrial flutter

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35
Q

Management for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter?

A

1- Antithrombotic
2- Rate control
3- Rhythm control
4- Cardioversion

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36
Q

“progressively lengthening PR until QRS is dropped”

A

Mobitz type 1 (Wenchebach) AV block

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37
Q

“randomly dropped QRS with no change in length of the PR interval”

A

Mobitz type II AV block

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38
Q

What type of heart block is seen in Lyme disease?

A

3rd degree AV block

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39
Q

How does ANP act?

A

Through cGMP to cause vasodilation

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40
Q

What releases ANP and what releases BNP?

A

ANP= atrial monocytes

BNP= ventricular monocytes

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41
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptorss respond to…

A

decreased PO2, increased PCO2, and decreased pH

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42
Q

Central chemoreceptors responds to…

A

Left ventrcle

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43
Q

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure can estimate…

A

Left ventricle pressure

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44
Q

4 main factors determining autoregulation of the heart?

A

Adenosine, Na and CO2 and decreased O2

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45
Q

What can cause vasoconstriction of the lungs?

A

Hypoxia

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46
Q

5 metabolites that determine autoregulation of skeletal muscle during exercise?

A

Lactate, adenosine, K+, H+, and CO2

47
Q

“lack of aorticopulmonary septum formation”

A

presistent truncus arteriosus

48
Q

“failure of aorticopulmonary septum to spiral”

A

transposition of great vessels

49
Q

What exposure is transposition of great vessels associated with?

A

Maternal diabetes

50
Q

Persistent truncus arteriosis is associated with…

A

22q11 syndromes

51
Q

Alcohol exposure is associated with which congenital cardiac defect…

A

VSD, ASD, PDA and tetralolgy of Fallot

52
Q

In order for survivial what does tricuspid atresia require?

A

ASD and VSD

53
Q

Down syndrome is associated with what congenital cardiac defects?

A

AV septal defect, VSD, ASD

54
Q

“hardening of arteries with small wall thickening and loss of elasticity”

A

Arteriosclerosis

55
Q

Name the 2 types of arteriolosclerosis:

A

Hyaline–> essential HTN and diabetes mellitus

Hyperplastic–> severe HTN

56
Q

“calcification of elastic lamina of medium sized arteries”

A

Moncheberg (medial calcific sclerosis)

57
Q

“disease of elastic arteries and large- and medium- sized muscular arteries caused by build up oc cholesterol plaqus”

A

atherosclerosis

58
Q

Thoracic aortic aneurysm is associted with…

A

HTN, bicuspid aortic valve, Marfan, Tertiary Syphilis

59
Q

“intraluminal tear in the aorta”

A

aortic dissection

60
Q

What is stable angina usually due to?

A

atherosclerosis

61
Q

What is variant (Prinzmetal) angina usually due to?

A

Secondary to coronary vasospasm

62
Q

What are some triggers of variant (prinzmetal) angina?

A

Tobaccco, cocaine, triptans

63
Q

Most common cause of myocaridal infarction?

A

Rupture of coronary artery atherosclerotic plaque

64
Q

Which shows ST elevation…transmural infarction or subendocardial infarction?

A

Transmural only

65
Q

EKG leads with ST elevations in LAD/ anteroseptal infarct?

A

V1-V2

66
Q

EKG leads with ST elevations in distal LAD/ anteroapical infarct?

A

V3-V4

67
Q

EKG leads with ST elevations in LAD/ LCX/ anterolateral infarct?

A

V5-V6

68
Q

EKG leads with ST elevations in lateral/ LCX infarct?

A

I, aFL

69
Q

EKG leads with ST elevations in inferior/ RCA infarct?

A

II, III, aVF

70
Q

What is dressler syndrome?

A

Autoimmune phenomenon resulting in fibrinous pericarditis (several weeks post-MI)

71
Q

When is a friction rub seen Post MI?

A

1-3 days

72
Q

When is free wall rupture and cardiac tamponade seen post MI?

A

3-14 days

73
Q

What is the most common cardiomyopathy?

A

dilated cardiomypathy

74
Q

What is the main problem in dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

systolic dysfunction

75
Q

Which type of cardiomyopathy is associated with friedreich ataxia?

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

76
Q

Which type of cardiomyopathy leads to sudden death in young athletes?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

77
Q

What is the main problem in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Systolic dysfunction (because marked ventricular hypertrophy)

78
Q

What causes restrictive/ inflitratie cardiomyopathy?

A

sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, fibrosis

79
Q

3 signs of Left heart failure?

A

Orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, pulmonary edema

80
Q

3 signs of right heart failure?

A

hepatomegaly (nutmeg liver), Jugular venous distention, peripheral edema

81
Q

Main change in hypovolemic shock?

A

Decreased Preload

82
Q

Main problem in cardiogenic shock?

A

decreased CO

83
Q

Main problem in disributive shock?

A

Decreased SVR (afterload)

84
Q

“small, painless erythematous lesions on the palm or sole of feet seen in endocarditis”

A

janeway lesions

85
Q

“small, painless erythematous lesions on the palm or sole of feet seen in endocarditis”

A

Janeway lesions

86
Q

Heart valves preferred by S. aureus?

A

tricuspid

87
Q

What valves does viridans streptococci prefer?

A

congenitally abnormal or diseased valves

88
Q

Organism that can cause endocarditis in colon cancer?

A

S. bovis

89
Q

Valve preferred by Libman-Sacks endocarditis in Lupus?

A

Mitral valve

90
Q

Heart valves preferred by S. pyogenes in rheumatic heart disease?

A

Mitral aortic&raquo_space; tricuspid

91
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is rheumatic fever?

A

Type II hypersensitivity

92
Q

What is the treatment for rheumatic heart disease?

A

Penicillin

93
Q

What are antischkow cells?

A

enlarged macrophages with ovoid, wavy rod like nucleus

94
Q

What is beck triad? What is it associated wth?

A

hypotension + distended neck veins + distant heart sounds

seen in cardiac tamponade

95
Q

Location of myxomas?

A

Left atria

Mainly seen inadults

96
Q

Location of cardiac rhabdomyomas?

A

Ventricle

Seen in children

97
Q

“increase in JVP on inspiration”

A

Kussmaul sign

98
Q

What are 3 causes of kussmaul sign?

A

1- Constrictve pericarditis

2- restrictive cardiomyopathy

3- R atrial or ventricular tumors

99
Q

“benign capillart hemangioma of the elderly”

A

Cherry hemangioma

100
Q

“cavernous lymphangioma of the neck associated with turner syndrome”

A

cystic hygroma

101
Q

“polypoid capillary hemangioma that can ulcerate and bleed”

A

pyogenic granuloma

102
Q

“benign capillary hemangioma of infancy”

A

strawberry hemangioma

103
Q

How is Raynaud’s treated?

A

Ca channel blockers

104
Q

“Temporal artery headache, blindess, granulomatous inflammation”

A

Temporal (giant cell) arteritis

105
Q

“Pulseless disease, feverm skin nodules, ocular disturbances, granulomatous thickening and narrowing of aortic arch”

A

Takayasu arteritis

106
Q

“necrotizing vasculitis involving real and visceral vessels, string of pearls, immune complex mediated”

A

Polyarteritis nodosa

107
Q

“asian children, conjunctival injection, rash, strawberry tong, hand and foot changes, possible coronary artery aneurysm”

A

Kawasaki disease

108
Q

“asian children, conjunctival injection, rash, strawberry tong, hand and foot changes, possible coronary artery aneurysm”

A

Kawasaki disease

109
Q

“intermittent claudication that can lead to gangrene and autoamputation of digits”

A

Buerger disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)

110
Q

"”perforation of nasal septum, chronic sinusitis, hemoptysis, hematuria focal necrotizing vasculitis and necrotizing granulomas in the lungs, cANCA”

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegeners)

111
Q

“pANCA, necrotizing vasculitis without granulomas and no nasopharyngeal involvement”

A

Microscopic polyangiitis

112
Q

“astham, sinusitis, slin noduels, purpura, pANCA, granuomas necrotizing vasculitis, increased IgE”

A

Churg- Strauss

113
Q

“most common childhood systemic vasculitis, palpable purpura on butt and legs, arthalgias, GI pain, IgA immune complex deposition”

A

Henoch- Schonlein

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