Neuro A&P High Yield Flashcards
1
Q
T/F: Neurons divide in adulthood
A
False… they are permanent cells
2
Q
What does Nissle stain identify?
A
RER of neurons
3
Q
Does wallerian degereation occur in the CNS, PNS or both?
A
PNS… occurs distal to the site of axonal injury
4
Q
What cells are the support cells if the nervous system?
A
Astrocytes
BBB, physical support, K+ metabolism, remove excess NTs, glycogen fuel reserve
5
Q
Phagocytic scavenger cells of the CNS?
A
Microglia
6
Q
Myelin in CNS vs Myelin in PNS?
A
CNS= oligodendrocytes
PNS= schwann cells
7
Q
Which cells promote axonal regeneration on the PNS after injury?
A
Schwann cells
8
Q
Which disease are acoustic neuromas associated with?
A
Neurofobromatosis type 2
9
Q
T/F: one oligodendrocyte per neuron
A
False…One oligodendrocye can myelinate multiple neurons
10
Q
Free nerve endings (C and A delta) sense what?
A
Pain and temperature
11
Q
Where are meissner crpuscles found?
A
hairless skin
12
Q
Where are pacinian corpuscles found?
A
dep skin layers, ligmanets and joints
13
Q
Where are merkel discs located?
A
finger tips and superficial skin
14
Q
Where is NE synthesized?
A
Locus ceruleus (Pons)
15
Q
Where is dopamine synthesized?
A
Substantia nigra and ventral tegumentum (midbrain)
16
Q
Where is 5-HT synthesized?
A
Raphe nuclei ( pons, medulla, midbrain)
17
Q
Where is ACh synthesized?
A
Basal nucleus of Meynert
18
Q
Where is GABA synthesized?
A
Nucleus accumbins
19
Q
What is the reward center? of the brain?
A
Nucleus accumbens and septal nucleus
20
Q
What 3 structures form the BBB?
A
1- Tight junctions
2- Basement membrane
3- Astrocyte foot processes
21
Q
What 3 structures form the BBB?
A
1- Tight junctions
2- Basement membrane
3- Astrocyte foot processes
22
Q
Function of the lateral area of the hypothalamus?
A
Hunger generation
23
Q
Function of the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus?
A
sateity
24
Q
Function of the anterior hypothalamus?
A
Cooling (parasympathetic control)
25
Functions of the posterior hypothalamus?
Heating (sympathetic control)
26
Function of teh suprachiasmatic nucleus?
Circadian rhythm
27
What allows for extraocular movements during REM sleep?
PPRF (conjugate gaze center)
28
What substances decreased amount of REM sleep?
Alcohol, benzo, barbs and NE
29
EKG waveform of REM sleep?
Beta (same as awake)
30
At what stage of sleep does sleep walking night terrors, and bedwettng occur?
Non-REM stage 3
31
Name the 5 nuclei of the thalamus?
```
VPL- body sense
VPM- face sense
LGN- vision (CN II)
MGN- hearing
VL- Motor (basal ganglia and cerebellum)
```
32
"massive axonal demyelination in pontine white matter secondary to osmotic changed"
Osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis)
LOCKED IN SYNDROME
caused by correcting hyponatremia too quickly
33
What are the 2 inputs to the cerebellum?
1- contralateral cortex via meiddle cerebellar peduncle
2- psilateral proprioceptive information bvia interior cerebellar peduncle
34
What are the 2 inputs to the cerebellum?
1- contralateral cortex via meiddle cerebellar peduncle
2- psilateral proprioceptive information via interior cerebellar peduncle
35
What are the output nerves of the cerebellum?
Purkinje cells
36
What are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum? (4)
Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial
37
What makes up the stiatum?
putamen and caudate
38
What makes up the lentiform?
Putamen and globus pallidus
39
"slow writhing snake like movements"
Athetosis
40
"sudden, jerky, purposeless movements"
Chorea
41
"sustained involuntary muscle contractions"
Dystonia
42
"high frequency tremor with sustained posture worsened with movement or when anxious"
Essential tremor
43
"Sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm with/ without ipsilateral leg"
Hemiballismus
44
What can cause hemiballsmus?
contralateral subthalamic nucleus damage (lacunar stroke)
45
"slow zigzag motion when pointing/ extending toward a target"
intention tremor
46
What causes intention tremor?
Cerebellar dysfunction
47
"uncontrolled movement of distal appendages, alleviated by intentional movement"
resting tremor...seen in parkinsons
48
What makes up Lewy bodies?
alpha synuclein (seen in parkingsons)
49
What chromosone is huntington's disease associated with?
Chromosome 4--> trinucleotide repeat disorder
50
Levels of ACh, DA and GABA in Huntington disease?
Increased DA
Decreased ACh
Decreased GABA
51
"inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe--> nonfluent apasia"
Brocha
52
"Superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe--> fluent aphasia"
Wernicke
53
"poor repitition but fluent speech, intact comprehension caused by damage to arcuate fasciculus"
Conduction aphasia
54
Areas damaged in global aphasia?
Broca, Wernicke and arcuate fasciculus
55
"nonfluent speeck, por comprehension, intact repitition"
Brocas area and Wernickes area only
56
Symptoms of bilateral lesion to the amygdala?
disinhibited behavior (Luver bucy syndrome)
57
Symptoms of frontal lobe lesion?
Disinhibition and deficits in orientatoin, concentration, judgement
Primitive reflexes may reemerge
58
What can cause hemispatial neglect syndrome?
Non-dominent parietal- temporal cortex lesion
59
Symptoms of damage to RAS in midbrain?
reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness
60
PPRF lesion?
eyes look AWAY from side of lesion
61
What is brain perfusion regulated by?
PCO2 levels
62
How are BP and ICP related to cerebral perfusion pressure?
CPP= MAP- ICP
CPP will decrease with a decrease in MAP or an increase in ICP
63
Which artery supplies Wernicke and Broca's areas?
MCA
64
What supplies the striatum and internal capsule?
Lentricilostriate arteries
65
What type of infarcts are associated with lentriculostriate arteries?
lacunar infarcts
66
What supplies the lateral coricospinal tract, medial lemniscis and cadal medulla?
Anterior spinal artery
67
What supplies the lateral coricospinal tract, medial lemniscis and cadal medulla?
Anterior spinal artery
68
What supplies the lateral medulla?
PICA
69
Which 2 arteries supply vestibular nuclei?
PICA and AICA
70
What supplies the occipital cortex and the visual cortex?
PCA
71
Which artery is asspcoated with locked in syndrome?
Basilar artery
72
P communicating lesion...CN III palsy symptom?
Eye is "down and out" with ptosis and mydriasis
73
What causes an epidural hematoma?
Rupture of middle meningial artery (branch of maxillary artery)
74
What is a symptom seen in epidural hematomas?
Transtentorial herniation and CN III palsy
75
Biconvex hyperdense blood collection?
Epidural hematoma
76
What causes a subdural hematoma?
Rupture of bridging veins--> slow venous bleeding
77
What leads to subarachnoid hemorrhage?
rupture of aneurysm or AV malformation
78
"worst headache of my life"
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
79
What causes intraparencymal hemorrhage?
Systemic HTN
80
Where do intraparencymal hemorrhages usually occur?
Basal ganglia and internal capsule
81
What type of imaging is best to see hemorrhage?
Noncontrast CT
82
Time since ischemic event in CNS:
```
12-48 hrs
24-72 hrs
3-5 days
1-2 weeks
>2 weeks
```
12-48 hrs: red neurons
24-72 hrs: necrosi and neutrophils
3-5 days: macrophages (microglia)
1-2 weeks: reactive gliosis and vascular proliferation
>2 weeks: glial scar
83
How quickk to TIAs resolve?
84
What is the function of ependymal cells?
Make CSF
85
3rd ventricle --> 4th ventricle
Aqueduct of Sylvius
86
What is the treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
weght loss, acetazolamide, topiramate
87
What causes communicating hydrocephalus?
decreased CSF absorption by arachnoid granules
88
What causes communicating hydrocephalus?
decreased CSF absorption by arachnoid granules
89
What spinal level are lumbar punctures completed at?
L3/L4 or L4/L5
Level of the cauda equina
90
In the dorsal column, what do the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus transmit?
Presure, vibration, touch and proprioception
Gracilis= lower body
Cuneatus= upper body and head
91
What does the spinothalamc tract carry?
Ascending sensation
Lateral= pain and temp
Anterior= crude touch, pressure
92
Where is the 1st synapse in the dorsal colum?
cuneatus or graculis (medulla)
93
Where do the dorsal columns deccusate (cross over)?
medulla (then ascends contralaterally in medial lemniscus)
94
Where is the second synapse on the dorsal column?
VPL (thalamus)
95
Where does spinothalamic tract decussate?
Anterior white commisure
96
Where is the second synapse of the spinothalamic tract?
VPL (thalamus)
97
Where do lateral corticospinal tract fibers decussate?
Pyramids (caudal medulla)
98
Where is the 1st synapse of the corticospinal tract?
anterior horn of the spinal cord
99
Damage seen in pliomyelitis?
Anterior horn destruction--> flaccid paralysis
100
"demyelination of white matter of cervical region, random and asymmetric lesions"
multiple sclerosis
101
"combined UMN and LMN deficits with no sensory or oculomotir deficits"
ALS
102
Which area is spared in and ASA stroke/ occlusion?
Dorsal columns and Lissauer tract
103
"degeneration/ demyelination of dorsal columns and roots"
Tabes dorsalis
104
"bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation seen with Chiari I malformation"
Syringomyelia
105
At what spinal level is syringomyelia usually seen?
C8- T1
106
"degeneration of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts and spinocerebellar tracts"
subacute combined degenearation of vitamin B12 deficiency
107
What chromosome is friedreich ataxia associated with?
Chromosome 9 (trinucleotide repeat disorder)
108
What is the function of frataxin?
Fe binding protein
109
In Brown- Sequard Snyndrome (spinal cord hemisection) all signs are ipsilateral except...
contralateral pain and temperature loss below the level of the lesion
110
In Brown- Sequard Snyndrome (spinal cord hemisection) all signs are ipsilateral except...
contralateral pain and temperature loss below the level of the lesion
111
Inguinal ligament dermatome?
L1
112
Cap of skull dermatome?
C2
113
Erection and senation of penile and anal zones dermatome?
S2-S4
114
Dermatome at the level of the nipple?
T4
115
Dermatome of a low collar shirt?
C4
116
Dermatome of the umbilicus?
T10
117
Dermatome at the xyphoid process?
T7
118
Achilles reflex?
S1 S2
119
Patellar reflex?
L4 L5
120
Triceps reflex?
C7 C8
121
Bicepts reflex?
C5 C6
122
Cremaster reflex?
L1 L2
123
Anal wink reflex?
S3 S4
