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Step 1 Review > Neuro A&P High Yield > Flashcards

Neuro A&P High Yield Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Neurons divide in adulthood

A

False… they are permanent cells

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2
Q

What does Nissle stain identify?

A

RER of neurons

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3
Q

Does wallerian degereation occur in the CNS, PNS or both?

A

PNS… occurs distal to the site of axonal injury

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4
Q

What cells are the support cells if the nervous system?

A

Astrocytes

BBB, physical support, K+ metabolism, remove excess NTs, glycogen fuel reserve

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5
Q

Phagocytic scavenger cells of the CNS?

A

Microglia

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6
Q

Myelin in CNS vs Myelin in PNS?

A

CNS= oligodendrocytes

PNS= schwann cells

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7
Q

Which cells promote axonal regeneration on the PNS after injury?

A

Schwann cells

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8
Q

Which disease are acoustic neuromas associated with?

A

Neurofobromatosis type 2

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9
Q

T/F: one oligodendrocyte per neuron

A

False…One oligodendrocye can myelinate multiple neurons

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10
Q

Free nerve endings (C and A delta) sense what?

A

Pain and temperature

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11
Q

Where are meissner crpuscles found?

A

hairless skin

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12
Q

Where are pacinian corpuscles found?

A

dep skin layers, ligmanets and joints

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13
Q

Where are merkel discs located?

A

finger tips and superficial skin

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14
Q

Where is NE synthesized?

A

Locus ceruleus (Pons)

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15
Q

Where is dopamine synthesized?

A

Substantia nigra and ventral tegumentum (midbrain)

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16
Q

Where is 5-HT synthesized?

A

Raphe nuclei ( pons, medulla, midbrain)

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17
Q

Where is ACh synthesized?

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

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18
Q

Where is GABA synthesized?

A

Nucleus accumbins

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19
Q

What is the reward center? of the brain?

A

Nucleus accumbens and septal nucleus

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20
Q

What 3 structures form the BBB?

A

1- Tight junctions
2- Basement membrane
3- Astrocyte foot processes

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21
Q

What 3 structures form the BBB?

A

1- Tight junctions
2- Basement membrane
3- Astrocyte foot processes

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22
Q

Function of the lateral area of the hypothalamus?

A

Hunger generation

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23
Q

Function of the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus?

A

sateity

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24
Q

Function of the anterior hypothalamus?

A

Cooling (parasympathetic control)

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25
Q

Functions of the posterior hypothalamus?

A

Heating (sympathetic control)

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26
Q

Function of teh suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Circadian rhythm

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27
Q

What allows for extraocular movements during REM sleep?

A

PPRF (conjugate gaze center)

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28
Q

What substances decreased amount of REM sleep?

A

Alcohol, benzo, barbs and NE

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29
Q

EKG waveform of REM sleep?

A

Beta (same as awake)

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30
Q

At what stage of sleep does sleep walking night terrors, and bedwettng occur?

A

Non-REM stage 3

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31
Q

Name the 5 nuclei of the thalamus?

A 
VPL- body sense
VPM- face sense
LGN- vision (CN II)
MGN- hearing
VL- Motor (basal ganglia and cerebellum)
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32
Q

“massive axonal demyelination in pontine white matter secondary to osmotic changed”

A

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis)

LOCKED IN SYNDROME

caused by correcting hyponatremia too quickly

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33
Q

What are the 2 inputs to the cerebellum?

A

1- contralateral cortex via meiddle cerebellar peduncle

2- psilateral proprioceptive information bvia interior cerebellar peduncle

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34
Q

What are the 2 inputs to the cerebellum?

A

1- contralateral cortex via meiddle cerebellar peduncle

2- psilateral proprioceptive information via interior cerebellar peduncle

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35
Q

What are the output nerves of the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje cells

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36
Q

What are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum? (4)

A

Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial

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37
Q

What makes up the stiatum?

A

putamen and caudate

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38
Q

What makes up the lentiform?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

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39
Q

“slow writhing snake like movements”

A

Athetosis

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40
Q

“sudden, jerky, purposeless movements”

A

Chorea

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41
Q

“sustained involuntary muscle contractions”

A

Dystonia

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42
Q

“high frequency tremor with sustained posture worsened with movement or when anxious”

A

Essential tremor

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43
Q

“Sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm with/ without ipsilateral leg”

A

Hemiballismus

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44
Q

What can cause hemiballsmus?

A

contralateral subthalamic nucleus damage (lacunar stroke)

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45
Q

“slow zigzag motion when pointing/ extending toward a target”

A

intention tremor

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46
Q

What causes intention tremor?

A

Cerebellar dysfunction

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47
Q

“uncontrolled movement of distal appendages, alleviated by intentional movement”

A

resting tremor…seen in parkinsons

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48
Q

What makes up Lewy bodies?

A

alpha synuclein (seen in parkingsons)

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49
Q

What chromosone is huntington’s disease associated with?

A

Chromosome 4–> trinucleotide repeat disorder

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50
Q

Levels of ACh, DA and GABA in Huntington disease?

A

Increased DA

Decreased ACh

Decreased GABA

51
Q

“inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe–> nonfluent apasia”

A

Brocha

52
Q

“Superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe–> fluent aphasia”

A

Wernicke

53
Q

“poor repitition but fluent speech, intact comprehension caused by damage to arcuate fasciculus”

A

Conduction aphasia

54
Q

Areas damaged in global aphasia?

A

Broca, Wernicke and arcuate fasciculus

55
Q

“nonfluent speeck, por comprehension, intact repitition”

A

Brocas area and Wernickes area only

56
Q

Symptoms of bilateral lesion to the amygdala?

A

disinhibited behavior (Luver bucy syndrome)

57
Q

Symptoms of frontal lobe lesion?

A

Disinhibition and deficits in orientatoin, concentration, judgement

Primitive reflexes may reemerge

58
Q

What can cause hemispatial neglect syndrome?

A

Non-dominent parietal- temporal cortex lesion

59
Q

Symptoms of damage to RAS in midbrain?

A

reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness

60
Q

PPRF lesion?

A

eyes look AWAY from side of lesion

61
Q

What is brain perfusion regulated by?

A

PCO2 levels

62
Q

How are BP and ICP related to cerebral perfusion pressure?

A

CPP= MAP- ICP

CPP will decrease with a decrease in MAP or an increase in ICP

63
Q

Which artery supplies Wernicke and Broca’s areas?

A

MCA

64
Q

What supplies the striatum and internal capsule?

A

Lentricilostriate arteries

65
Q

What type of infarcts are associated with lentriculostriate arteries?

A

lacunar infarcts

66
Q

What supplies the lateral coricospinal tract, medial lemniscis and cadal medulla?

A

Anterior spinal artery

67
Q

What supplies the lateral coricospinal tract, medial lemniscis and cadal medulla?

A

Anterior spinal artery

68
Q

What supplies the lateral medulla?

A

PICA

69
Q

Which 2 arteries supply vestibular nuclei?

A

PICA and AICA

70
Q

What supplies the occipital cortex and the visual cortex?

A

PCA

71
Q

Which artery is asspcoated with locked in syndrome?

A

Basilar artery

72
Q

P communicating lesion…CN III palsy symptom?

A

Eye is “down and out” with ptosis and mydriasis

73
Q

What causes an epidural hematoma?

A

Rupture of middle meningial artery (branch of maxillary artery)

74
Q

What is a symptom seen in epidural hematomas?

A

Transtentorial herniation and CN III palsy

75
Q

Biconvex hyperdense blood collection?

A

Epidural hematoma

76
Q

What causes a subdural hematoma?

A

Rupture of bridging veins–> slow venous bleeding

77
Q

What leads to subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

rupture of aneurysm or AV malformation

78
Q

“worst headache of my life”

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

79
Q

What causes intraparencymal hemorrhage?

A

Systemic HTN

80
Q

Where do intraparencymal hemorrhages usually occur?

A

Basal ganglia and internal capsule

81
Q

What type of imaging is best to see hemorrhage?

A

Noncontrast CT

82
Q

Time since ischemic event in CNS:

12-48 hrs
24-72 hrs
3-5 days
1-2 weeks
>2 weeks
A

12-48 hrs: red neurons

24-72 hrs: necrosi and neutrophils

3-5 days: macrophages (microglia)

1-2 weeks: reactive gliosis and vascular proliferation

> 2 weeks: glial scar

83
Q

How quickk to TIAs resolve?

A
84
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Make CSF

85
Q

3rd ventricle –> 4th ventricle

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

86
Q

What is the treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

A

weght loss, acetazolamide, topiramate

87
Q

What causes communicating hydrocephalus?

A

decreased CSF absorption by arachnoid granules

88
Q

What causes communicating hydrocephalus?

A

decreased CSF absorption by arachnoid granules

89
Q

What spinal level are lumbar punctures completed at?

A

L3/L4 or L4/L5

Level of the cauda equina

90
Q

In the dorsal column, what do the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus transmit?

A

Presure, vibration, touch and proprioception

Gracilis= lower body

Cuneatus= upper body and head

91
Q

What does the spinothalamc tract carry?

A

Ascending sensation

Lateral= pain and temp

Anterior= crude touch, pressure

92
Q

Where is the 1st synapse in the dorsal colum?

A

cuneatus or graculis (medulla)

93
Q

Where do the dorsal columns deccusate (cross over)?

A

medulla (then ascends contralaterally in medial lemniscus)

94
Q

Where is the second synapse on the dorsal column?

A

VPL (thalamus)

95
Q

Where does spinothalamic tract decussate?

A

Anterior white commisure

96
Q

Where is the second synapse of the spinothalamic tract?

A

VPL (thalamus)

97
Q

Where do lateral corticospinal tract fibers decussate?

A

Pyramids (caudal medulla)

98
Q

Where is the 1st synapse of the corticospinal tract?

A

anterior horn of the spinal cord

99
Q

Damage seen in pliomyelitis?

A

Anterior horn destruction–> flaccid paralysis

100
Q

“demyelination of white matter of cervical region, random and asymmetric lesions”

A

multiple sclerosis

101
Q

“combined UMN and LMN deficits with no sensory or oculomotir deficits”

A

ALS

102
Q

Which area is spared in and ASA stroke/ occlusion?

A

Dorsal columns and Lissauer tract

103
Q

“degeneration/ demyelination of dorsal columns and roots”

A

Tabes dorsalis

104
Q

“bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation seen with Chiari I malformation”

A

Syringomyelia

105
Q

At what spinal level is syringomyelia usually seen?

A

C8- T1

106
Q

“degeneration of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts and spinocerebellar tracts”

A

subacute combined degenearation of vitamin B12 deficiency

107
Q

What chromosome is friedreich ataxia associated with?

A

Chromosome 9 (trinucleotide repeat disorder)

108
Q

What is the function of frataxin?

A

Fe binding protein

109
Q

In Brown- Sequard Snyndrome (spinal cord hemisection) all signs are ipsilateral except…

A

contralateral pain and temperature loss below the level of the lesion

110
Q

In Brown- Sequard Snyndrome (spinal cord hemisection) all signs are ipsilateral except…

A

contralateral pain and temperature loss below the level of the lesion

111
Q

Inguinal ligament dermatome?

A

L1

112
Q

Cap of skull dermatome?

A

C2

113
Q

Erection and senation of penile and anal zones dermatome?

A

S2-S4

114
Q

Dermatome at the level of the nipple?

A

T4

115
Q

Dermatome of a low collar shirt?

A

C4

116
Q

Dermatome of the umbilicus?

A

T10

117
Q

Dermatome at the xyphoid process?

A

T7

118
Q

Achilles reflex?

A

S1 S2

119
Q

Patellar reflex?

A

L4 L5

120
Q

Triceps reflex?

A

C7 C8

121
Q

Bicepts reflex?

A

C5 C6

122
Q

Cremaster reflex?

A

L1 L2

123
Q

Anal wink reflex?

A

S3 S4

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