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Neuro Pharm High Yield Flashcards

1
Q

How does epinephrine treat glaucoma?

A

decrease aqueous humor production

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2
Q

How does bromocriptine treat glaucoma?

A

decrease aqueous humor production

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3
Q

How do timolol, betaxolol and carteolol treat glaucoma?

A

decrease aqueous humor production

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4
Q

How does acetazolamide treat glaucoma?

A

decrease aqueous humor production via inhibition of carbonic anhydrase

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5
Q

What are the direct cholinomimetics used for glaucoma?

A

Pilocarpine

Carbachol

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of pilocarpine and carbachol?

A

increase outflow of aqueous humor (constrict ciliary muscle and open trabecular meshworl)

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7
Q

What are the indirect cholinomimetics used for glaucoma?

A

Physostigmine

Echothiopate

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of physostigmine and echothiopate for glaucoma treatment?

A

increase outflow of aqueous humor (constrict ciliary muscle and open trabecular meshworl)

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9
Q

How does latanprost treat glaucoma?

A

increase outflow of aqueous humor

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10
Q

Which opiod is used for diarrhea?

A

Lopiramide or diphenoxylate

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11
Q

Which receptors do opioids agonize? What does their action lead to?

A

mu receptors

open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels–> decrease synaptic transmission

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12
Q

Which opioid is used as a cough suppressant?

A

dextromethorphan

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13
Q

Which opioids are used in heroine addicts as maintenance drugs?

A

Methadone

Buprenorphine + nalaxone

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14
Q

What are the major AEs of opiods?

A

Respiratory depression

Constipation (no tolerance)

Miosis (no tolerance)

CNS depression

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15
Q

Which drug is a kappa opioid receptor agonist and a mu opioid receptor partial agonist?

A

Butorphanol

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16
Q

What are the benefits of butorphanol?

A

produces analgeia without as much respiratory depression

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17
Q

What drug is a weak opiod agonist but also inhibits 5-HT and NE reuptake?

A

Tramadol

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18
Q

What is the 1st line treatment for absence seizures?

A

Ethosuximide

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of ethosuximide?

A

blocks thalamic T type Ca2+ channels

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20
Q

What are the AE of ethosuximide?

A

FGHIJ

Fatigue
GI distress
Headache
Itching
Stevens Johnson
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21
Q

What is the DOC for acute status epilepticus?

A

Benzos! (dazepam and lorazepam)

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22
Q

What s the mechanism of Benzos?

A

Increase GABA a action

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23
Q

What are the 3 first line treatments for Tonic clonic treatments?

A

Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Valproic Acid

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24
Q

What is the 1st line choice for status epilepticus prophylaxis?

A

Phenytoin

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25
What is the mechanism of phenytoin?
Increase Na channel inactivation
26
Which antiepileptic is eliminated via zero order kinetics?
Phenytoin
27
What are the AEs of phenytoin?
gingival hyperplasia, hirsutim, SLE like syndrome INDUCTION of P450 Stevens Johnson syndrome
28
What is the 1st line treatment for simple AND complex partial seizures?
Carbamazepine
29
What is the mechanism of carbamazepine?
increase Na channel inactivatoin
30
What is the AE of carbemazepine?
agranulocytosis, liver tox INDUCTION of P450 SIADH Steven Johnson syndrome
31
What is the mechanism of valproic acid?
Increase Na channel inactivation increased GABA concentratoin by inhibiting GABA transaminase
32
What are the AE of valproic acid?
Hepatotox, tremor, NO USE IN PREGNANCY
33
What is gabapentin used for?
Partial seizures
34
What is the mechanism of gabapentin?
inhibits volt gated Ca channels, designed as GABA analog
35
What is used for post hepatic neuralgia pain?
gabapentin
36
What is used for post hepatic neuralgia pain?
gabapentin
37
What is phenobarbital used for?
Patial and tonic clonic seizures
38
Mechanism of phenobarbitol
Increase GABA a action
39
What are the AEs of phenobarbitol?
INDUCTION of P450, sedation, tolerance
40
What is the DOC for seizures in neonates?
phenobarbitol
41
Which antiepileptic can cause kidney stones?
Topiramate
42
What is lamotrigine used for?
All except status epilepticus
43
What is the mechanism of lamotrigine?
Blocks volt gated Na channels
44
Which antiepiletic drugs can cause steven johnson reaction?
Ethosuximide Phenytoin Carbamazepine Lamotrigine
45
Which drug increases the duration of Cl- channel opening?
Barbiturates
46
Who are barbs contraindicated in?
people with porphyria
47
How do barbiturates interact with P450?
INDUCES
48
Which drug fascilitates GABA a action by increaing frequncy of Cl- channel opening?
Benzo
49
Of the following benzo's, which DO NOT have active metabolites and also have a shorter half life? ``` Diazepam Alprazolam triazolam lorazepam oxazepam midazolam temazepam ```
ATOM Alazopram Triazolam Oxazepam Midazolam
50
What is the antidote for benzos
Flumazenil
51
What is the action of zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone?
specific to BZ1 subtype
52
How does potency of anesthetic and lipid solubility relate?
the more lipid soluble, to more potent and the longer the action time
53
What are the following drugs: ``` Halothane Enflurane Isoflurane Sevoflurane Methoxyflurane N2O ```
Inhaled anesthetics
54
What is the response of cerebral blood flow to inhaled anesthetics?
Increase
55
What is a possible serve/ life threatening response to inhaled anesthetics?
Malignant hyperthermia--> fever and severe muscle contractions
56
What is the treatment for inhaled anesthetics?
Dantrolene
57
What is thiopental used for during surgery?
induction and short term surgical procedures
58
What is midazolam used for?
endoscopy
59
What is ketamine used for?
acts as dissociative anesthtics
60
What is the mechanism of ketamine?
Blocks NMDA receptor
61
What is propofol used for?
Sedation in ICU rapid anesthesia induction, short procedures
62
How can you tell an ester from an amide local anesthetic by name?
Amides have two "i's" in the name
63
How do local anesthetics work?
Block Na channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel
64
What type of Na channels do local anesthetics prefer?
Actvated Na channels
65
Which factor predominates in action of local anesthtics...size or myelination?
Size! So small myeliated and unmyelinated will be blocked before large myelinated and unmyelinated
66
What is the order of types of fibers blocked by locals?
1- pain 2- temp 3- Touch 4- pressure
67
Which local can cuase methemoglobinemia?
Benzocaine
68
What local can cause severe cardiovascular toxicity?
Bupivacaine
69
What are the 2 phases of depolarizing NM blockers (succinylcholine)?
Phase I (prolonged depolarization Phase II (repolarized but blocked)
70
Can succinylcholine blockage be revered?
Phase II can be revered by cholinesterase inhibitors
71
What is the action of: tubocurarine pancuronium vecuronium
Nondepolarizing NM block--> competive antagonist of ACh receptor
72
What is the action of: tubocurarine pancuronium vecuronium
Nondepolarizing NM block--> competive antagonist of ACh receptor
73
What is the mechanism of dantroline?
Prevents the release of Ca from teh sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle
74
What is the mechanism of baclofen?
Inhibits GABA B receptors at spinal cord lvel
75
What is baclofen used for?
muscle spasms
76
What is the mechanism of cyclobenzaprin?
centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, related to TCAs
77
What are the drugs used for Parkinson's disease?
``` Bromocriptine Amantadine Levodopa Selegiline Antimuscarinics ```
78
What is the function of carbidopa in levodopa treatment?
block peripheral conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine by inhibiting DOPA decarboxyase
79
What is the function of entacapone and tolcapone in levodopa therapy?
precent peripheral L- dopa degredation by inhibiting COMT
80
What is the function of selegile?
Block central breakdown of dopamine by inhibiting MAO-B
81
Which antimuscarinic is used for treatment of parkinson disease?
Benztropine
82
Which antimuscarinic is used for treatment of parkinson disease?
Benztropine
83
Name 3dopamine agonists?
Bromocriptine Pramipexole Ropinirole
84
What converty L-dopa to dopamine?
Dopa decarboxylase
85
Which alzheimer drug is an NMDA receptor antagonist?
Memantine
86
What is the use and actio of the following drugs: Donepezil Galantamine Rivastigmine Tacrine
AChE inhibitor
87
What are the drugs used to treat Huntington's disease?
Tetrabenazine Reserpine--> inhibit VMAT, limiting DA vesicle packaging and release Haloperidol--> D2 blocker
88
What are the drugs used to treat Huntington's disease?
Tetrabenazine Reserpine--> inhibit VMAT, limiting DA vesicle packaging and release Haloperidol--> D2 blocker
89
What receptors do triptans act on?
5-HT 1B/1D
90
What is an AE of triptans?
Coronary vasospasm--> so contraindicated inpatients with CAD and Prinzmetal angina

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