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Micro High Yield Flashcards

1
Q

What is the component of the cell wall leads to induction of TNF and IL-1?

A

Lipoteichoic acid

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2
Q

What is the major surface antigen of the outer membrane of gram negative bactiera?

A

LPS (Lipid A induces TNF and IL-1, O polysaccharide is the antigen)

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3
Q

What is contained within the perilasmic space?

A

hydrolytic enzymes (including beta lactamases)

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4
Q

What makes spores resistant to dehydration/ heat and chemicals?

A

Keratin- like coat, dipicoliinic acid and peptidoglycan

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5
Q

What 6 types of “bugs” do NOT gram stain well?

A 
Treponema
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Legionella pneumophelia
Rickettsia
Chlamydia

These Microbes May Lack Real Color

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6
Q

What “bugs” can be stained by Giemsa stain?

A 
Chlamydia
Boriella
Rickettsia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

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7
Q

Which “bugs” stain with PAS?

A

Tropheryma whipplei

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8
Q

Which “bugs” stain with Ziehl- Neelsen (carbol fuschin) stain?

A

Acid- fast bacteria and protozoa

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9
Q

What “bugs” can be stained with india ink?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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10
Q

What “bugs” can be stained with silver stain?

A

Fung
Legionella
H. pylori

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11
Q

What components does chocolate agar have? What is it used for?

A

Factor V and X

H. influenzae

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12
Q

What components does Thayer- Martin agar have? What is it used for?

A

Vancomycin, trimethoprim, Colistin, Nystatin

Used for Neisseria species

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13
Q

What does bordet- Gengou agar contain? What is it used for?

A

Potatoe

B. pertussis

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14
Q

What is in Regan- Lowe medium? What is it used for?

A

Charcoal, blood, antibiotic

B. pertussis

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15
Q

What is Lowernstein- Jensen used for?

A

M. tuberculosis

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16
Q

What is eaton agar used for?

A

M. pneumoniae

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17
Q

What is MacConkey agar used for?

A

Fermentation produces acid, causing colonies to turn pink…used for lactose permenting enterics

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18
Q

Eosin- methlene blue agar used for?

A

E. coli–> colonies with green metallic sheen

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19
Q

What is charcoal yeast used for? What does it contain?

A

It contains Cystine and Fe

Legionella

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20
Q

What is Sabouraud agar used for?

A

Fungi

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21
Q

What is Sabouraud agar used for?

A

Fungi

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22
Q

What causes bugs to be anaerobic?

A

They lack catalase or superoxide dismutase–> so they are susuceptible to oxidative damage

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23
Q

Name the 8 facultative intracellular “bugs”:

A

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

Salmonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Frascisella
Legionella
Yersinia pestis
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24
Q

What are the encapsulated bacteria?

A 
Strep pneumo
Klebsiella
H. influenzae
Pseudomonas
Neisseria meningitides
Cryptococcus neoformans

E. coli, Salmonella, GBS

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25
Vaccines against the capsule evoke what type of immune response?
T cell!
26
What 3 bacteira have vaccines against their capsule?
S. pneumo HiB Meningococcal
27
What bacteria has protein A and what does it bind? What is its function?
S. aureus It binds the Fc region of IgG Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis
28
What is the function of M protein Who expresses it?
Prevents phagocytosis Expressed by Group A strep
29
What cytokines does endotoxin induce?
TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6
30
How are exotoxins encoded?
Plasmid or bacteriophage
31
What is the mechanism of diptheria toxin?
Inactivate elongation factor (EF-2)--> inhibit protein synthesis
32
What is the toxin of Psuedomonas? What is its mechanism?
Exotoxin A Inactivate elongation factor (EF-2)--> inhibit protein synthesis
33
What is the toxin of shigella? What is its mechanism?
Shiga toxin Inactivate 60S robosome by removing adenine from rRNA--> inhibit protein synthesis
34
What is the toxin of EHEC? What is its mechanism?
Shiga like toxin (verotoxin) Inactivate 60S robosome by removing adenine from rRNA--> inhibit protein synthesis
35
What are the TWO toxins of ETEC? What are their mechanisms?
Heat labile toxin --> overactivates adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP) Heat stabile toxin--> overactivates guanylate cyclase (increase cGMP)
36
What is the toxin of bacillus anthracis? What is ts mechanims?
Edema toxin Mimics adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP)
37
What is the toxin of v. cholerae? What is its mechanism?
Cholera toxin Overactivates adenylate cyclase by perminantly activating Gs--> incrased cAMP
38
What is the toxin of B. pertussis? What is its mechanism?
Pertussis toxin Overactivates adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP) by disabling Gi--> impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe
39
What is the mechanism of C. tetani and C. botulinum toxin?
Proteases that cleave SNARE and inhibit neurotransmitter release via vesicle fusion
40
What is inhibited from release in C. tetani and C. botulinum?
C. tetani--> GABA/ glycine C. botulinum--> Ach
41
What is the toxin of C. perfringens? What is the mechanism?
Alpha toxin Phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes
42
What are the toxins of S. pyogenes? What are their mechanisms?
Streptolysin O--> protein that degrade cell membrane and lyse cells Exotoxin A--> binds to MHC II and TCR outside of antigen binding site to cuase release of cytokines
43
What is the mechanism of S. aureus TSST-1?
Bing to MHC II and TCR outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, IFN- gamma and TNF- alpha
44
Which is heat stable...exotoxins or endotoxin?
Endotoxin
45
Which is heat stable...exotoxins or endotoxin?
Endotoxin
46
Which bacteria are know for undergoing transformation?
S. pneumo, HiB, Seisseria SHiN
47
What ist he difference between F+ x F- conjugation and Hfr x F- conjucation?
Hfr can also transfer chromosomal DNA because the plasmid has gotten incorporated in the genome of the bacteria---> so the transfer may include some flanking chromosomal DNA
48
What is transposition?
Segment of DNA that can "jump" from one location to another--> can transfer genes from plasmid and chromosome (and vice versa)
49
What is the difference between generalized transduction and specialized trasduction?
Generalized--> "packaging" event Specialzed--> "excision" event
50
Which 5 toxins are endoced for by a lysodenic phage?
ABCDE ``` ShigA- like toxin Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Diphtheria toxin Erythrogenic toxin (of S. pyogenes) ```
51
Which bacteria is novobiocin resistant?
S. saprophyticus
52
Which bacteria is novobiocin sensitive?
S. epidermidis
53
What bacteria is optochin sensitive?
S. pneumonia
54
What bacteria is optochin resistant?
Viridans streptococci
55
What bacteria is bacitracin resitant?
GBS
56
WHat bacteria is bacitracin sensitive?
Group A strep (S. pyogenes)
57
Which bacteria are bile soluble?
S, pneumoniae
58
What bacteria grow in bile?
Enterococcus S. bovis
59
What gram positive bacteria can grow in salt?
Enterococcus
60
Which 4 bacteria are beta hemplytic?
S. aureus S. pyogenes S. agalactiae Listeria monocytogenes
61
"gram positive cocci in CLUSTERS"
S. aureus
62
What MHC does TSST bind to?
MHC II
63
How does S. epidermidis cause illness?
Biofilms!
64
What illness can S. saprophyticus cause?
UTI
65
What 3 diseases does S, pneumo typically cause?
1- Meningitis 2- Otitis media 3- Pneumonia 4- Sinusitis
66
"rusty sputum"
Strep pneumo
67
How can viridans strep cause endocarditis?
Dextrans produced by the bacteria bind to fibrin- platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves
68
"gram + in chains, beta hemolytic, bacitracin sensitive"
S. pyogenes
69
What type of hypersensitivity is rheumatic fever?
Type II
70
What type of hypersensitivity of PSGN?
Type III
71
"scarlet rash with sandpaper like texture, strawberry tpngue, circumoral pallor, subsequent desquamation"
Group A strep--> scarlet fever
72
What is the CAMP test?
GBS produces CAMP factor that enhances beta hemolysis of S. aureus
73
What is lancefield grouping based on?
Based on difference in the C carbohydrate on the bacterial cell wall
74
What bacteria can cause bacteriemia and subacute endocarditis in patients with colon cancer?
S. bovis
75
What are the 3 main symptoms of C. diphtheriae?
1- Pharyngitis with LAD 2- Myocarditis 3- Arrhythmias
76
What is the test for diphtheriae toxin?
Elek test
77
How can you get rid of spores?
Steaming at 121 C for 15 minutes
78
What is trisumus?
Lockjaw (seen in C. tetani)
79
Is C. botulinum toxin heat- stabile or heat- labile?
Heat labile
80
What are the 2 toxins of C. difficile? What are their actions?
Toxin A--> enterotoxin Toxin B--> causes cytoskeletal disruption bia actin depolymerizatino (pseudomembranous colitis)
81
What two drugs can cause C. diff?
climdamycin | Ampicillin
82
What two drugs can cause C. diff?
climdamycin | Ampicillin
83
What makes up the capsule of B. anthracis?
D- glutamate
84
"Box car" like cells?
Anthrax
85
How is listeria contracted?
Unpasteurzed diary products and cold deli meats Transplacental transmission Vaginal transmission at birth
86
What is the motility of Listeria?
Tumbling--> intracellular movement
87
What are the symptomsof listeria in infants?
Early spread--> sepsis Late spread--> meningitis
88
Which is an anaerobe...actinomyces or nocardia?
Actinomyces
89
"sulfer granules"
Actinomyces
90
How is actinomyces treated?
Penicillin
91
How is nocardia treated?
Sulfonamides
92
"fibrocaseous cavitary lesion in upper lobe of lung"
Secondary tuberculosis
93
"Ghon focus in lower/ mid zones of lung and hilar lymph node LAD"
Primary TB (Ghon complex)
94
What temperature does leprosy like to grow in?
Cool temperatures
95
What cells does leprosy infection?
Infects skin and superficial nerves
96
Which leprosy is a Th2 mediated response?
Lepromatous leprosy--> low cell mediated
97
Which leprosy is a Th1 mediated response?
Tuberculoid leprosy--> high cell mediated response GRANULOMAS
98
Which neisseria can ferment maltose?
N. meningitidis
99
What are the gram negative Coccoid Rods?
H. flu Pasturella Brucella Bordetella
100
Name 5 lactose fermenters?
``` Klebsiella E. coli Enterobactier Citrobacter Serratia ```
101
Which bacteria produce H2S?
Salmonella Proteus Yersinia
102
Which bacteria is oxidase negative and H2S negative?
Shigella

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