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Step 1 Review > Micro High Yield > Flashcards

Micro High Yield Flashcards

1
Q

What is the component of the cell wall leads to induction of TNF and IL-1?

A

Lipoteichoic acid

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2
Q

What is the major surface antigen of the outer membrane of gram negative bactiera?

A

LPS (Lipid A induces TNF and IL-1, O polysaccharide is the antigen)

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3
Q

What is contained within the perilasmic space?

A

hydrolytic enzymes (including beta lactamases)

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4
Q

What makes spores resistant to dehydration/ heat and chemicals?

A

Keratin- like coat, dipicoliinic acid and peptidoglycan

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5
Q

What 6 types of “bugs” do NOT gram stain well?

A 
Treponema
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Legionella pneumophelia
Rickettsia
Chlamydia

These Microbes May Lack Real Color

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6
Q

What “bugs” can be stained by Giemsa stain?

A 
Chlamydia
Boriella
Rickettsia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

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7
Q

Which “bugs” stain with PAS?

A

Tropheryma whipplei

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8
Q

Which “bugs” stain with Ziehl- Neelsen (carbol fuschin) stain?

A

Acid- fast bacteria and protozoa

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9
Q

What “bugs” can be stained with india ink?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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10
Q

What “bugs” can be stained with silver stain?

A

Fung
Legionella
H. pylori

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11
Q

What components does chocolate agar have? What is it used for?

A

Factor V and X

H. influenzae

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12
Q

What components does Thayer- Martin agar have? What is it used for?

A

Vancomycin, trimethoprim, Colistin, Nystatin

Used for Neisseria species

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13
Q

What does bordet- Gengou agar contain? What is it used for?

A

Potatoe

B. pertussis

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14
Q

What is in Regan- Lowe medium? What is it used for?

A

Charcoal, blood, antibiotic

B. pertussis

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15
Q

What is Lowernstein- Jensen used for?

A

M. tuberculosis

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16
Q

What is eaton agar used for?

A

M. pneumoniae

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17
Q

What is MacConkey agar used for?

A

Fermentation produces acid, causing colonies to turn pink…used for lactose permenting enterics

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18
Q

Eosin- methlene blue agar used for?

A

E. coli–> colonies with green metallic sheen

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19
Q

What is charcoal yeast used for? What does it contain?

A

It contains Cystine and Fe

Legionella

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20
Q

What is Sabouraud agar used for?

A

Fungi

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21
Q

What is Sabouraud agar used for?

A

Fungi

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22
Q

What causes bugs to be anaerobic?

A

They lack catalase or superoxide dismutase–> so they are susuceptible to oxidative damage

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23
Q

Name the 8 facultative intracellular “bugs”:

A

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

Salmonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Frascisella
Legionella
Yersinia pestis
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24
Q

What are the encapsulated bacteria?

A 
Strep pneumo
Klebsiella
H. influenzae
Pseudomonas
Neisseria meningitides
Cryptococcus neoformans

E. coli, Salmonella, GBS

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25
Q

Vaccines against the capsule evoke what type of immune response?

A

T cell!

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26
Q

What 3 bacteira have vaccines against their capsule?

A

S. pneumo
HiB
Meningococcal

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27
Q

What bacteria has protein A and what does it bind? What is its function?

A

S. aureus

It binds the Fc region of IgG

Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis

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28
Q

What is the function of M protein Who expresses it?

A

Prevents phagocytosis

Expressed by Group A strep

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29
Q

What cytokines does endotoxin induce?

A

TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6

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30
Q

How are exotoxins encoded?

A

Plasmid or bacteriophage

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31
Q

What is the mechanism of diptheria toxin?

A

Inactivate elongation factor (EF-2)–> inhibit protein synthesis

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32
Q

What is the toxin of Psuedomonas? What is its mechanism?

A

Exotoxin A

Inactivate elongation factor (EF-2)–> inhibit protein synthesis

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33
Q

What is the toxin of shigella? What is its mechanism?

A

Shiga toxin

Inactivate 60S robosome by removing adenine from rRNA–> inhibit protein synthesis

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34
Q

What is the toxin of EHEC? What is its mechanism?

A

Shiga like toxin (verotoxin)

Inactivate 60S robosome by removing adenine from rRNA–> inhibit protein synthesis

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35
Q

What are the TWO toxins of ETEC? What are their mechanisms?

A

Heat labile toxin –> overactivates adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP)

Heat stabile toxin–> overactivates guanylate cyclase (increase cGMP)

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36
Q

What is the toxin of bacillus anthracis? What is ts mechanims?

A

Edema toxin

Mimics adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP)

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37
Q

What is the toxin of v. cholerae? What is its mechanism?

A

Cholera toxin

Overactivates adenylate cyclase by perminantly activating Gs–> incrased cAMP

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38
Q

What is the toxin of B. pertussis? What is its mechanism?

A

Pertussis toxin

Overactivates adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP) by disabling Gi–> impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe

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39
Q

What is the mechanism of C. tetani and C. botulinum toxin?

A

Proteases that cleave SNARE and inhibit neurotransmitter release via vesicle fusion

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40
Q

What is inhibited from release in C. tetani and C. botulinum?

A

C. tetani–> GABA/ glycine

C. botulinum–> Ach

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41
Q

What is the toxin of C. perfringens? What is the mechanism?

A

Alpha toxin

Phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes

42
Q

What are the toxins of S. pyogenes? What are their mechanisms?

A

Streptolysin O–> protein that degrade cell membrane and lyse cells

Exotoxin A–> binds to MHC II and TCR outside of antigen binding site to cuase release of cytokines

43
Q

What is the mechanism of S. aureus TSST-1?

A

Bing to MHC II and TCR outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, IFN- gamma and TNF- alpha

44
Q

Which is heat stable…exotoxins or endotoxin?

A

Endotoxin

45
Q

Which is heat stable…exotoxins or endotoxin?

A

Endotoxin

46
Q

Which bacteria are know for undergoing transformation?

A

S. pneumo, HiB, Seisseria

SHiN

47
Q

What ist he difference between F+ x F- conjugation and Hfr x F- conjucation?

A

Hfr can also transfer chromosomal DNA because the plasmid has gotten incorporated in the genome of the bacteria—> so the transfer may include some flanking chromosomal DNA

48
Q

What is transposition?

A

Segment of DNA that can “jump” from one location to another–> can transfer genes from plasmid and chromosome (and vice versa)

49
Q

What is the difference between generalized transduction and specialized trasduction?

A

Generalized–> “packaging” event

Specialzed–> “excision” event

50
Q

Which 5 toxins are endoced for by a lysodenic phage?

A

ABCDE

ShigA- like toxin
Botulinum toxin
Cholera toxin
Diphtheria toxin
Erythrogenic toxin (of S. pyogenes)
51
Q

Which bacteria is novobiocin resistant?

A

S. saprophyticus

52
Q

Which bacteria is novobiocin sensitive?

A

S. epidermidis

53
Q

What bacteria is optochin sensitive?

A

S. pneumonia

54
Q

What bacteria is optochin resistant?

A

Viridans streptococci

55
Q

What bacteria is bacitracin resitant?

A

GBS

56
Q

WHat bacteria is bacitracin sensitive?

A

Group A strep (S. pyogenes)

57
Q

Which bacteria are bile soluble?

A

S, pneumoniae

58
Q

What bacteria grow in bile?

A

Enterococcus

S. bovis

59
Q

What gram positive bacteria can grow in salt?

A

Enterococcus

60
Q

Which 4 bacteria are beta hemplytic?

A

S. aureus
S. pyogenes
S. agalactiae
Listeria monocytogenes

61
Q

“gram positive cocci in CLUSTERS”

A

S. aureus

62
Q

What MHC does TSST bind to?

A

MHC II

63
Q

How does S. epidermidis cause illness?

A

Biofilms!

64
Q

What illness can S. saprophyticus cause?

A

UTI

65
Q

What 3 diseases does S, pneumo typically cause?

A

1- Meningitis
2- Otitis media
3- Pneumonia
4- Sinusitis

66
Q

“rusty sputum”

A

Strep pneumo

67
Q

How can viridans strep cause endocarditis?

A

Dextrans produced by the bacteria bind to fibrin- platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves

68
Q

“gram + in chains, beta hemolytic, bacitracin sensitive”

A

S. pyogenes

69
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is rheumatic fever?

A

Type II

70
Q

What type of hypersensitivity of PSGN?

A

Type III

71
Q

“scarlet rash with sandpaper like texture, strawberry tpngue, circumoral pallor, subsequent desquamation”

A

Group A strep–> scarlet fever

72
Q

What is the CAMP test?

A

GBS produces CAMP factor that enhances beta hemolysis of S. aureus

73
Q

What is lancefield grouping based on?

A

Based on difference in the C carbohydrate on the bacterial cell wall

74
Q

What bacteria can cause bacteriemia and subacute endocarditis in patients with colon cancer?

A

S. bovis

75
Q

What are the 3 main symptoms of C. diphtheriae?

A

1- Pharyngitis with LAD
2- Myocarditis
3- Arrhythmias

76
Q

What is the test for diphtheriae toxin?

A

Elek test

77
Q

How can you get rid of spores?

A

Steaming at 121 C for 15 minutes

78
Q

What is trisumus?

A

Lockjaw (seen in C. tetani)

79
Q

Is C. botulinum toxin heat- stabile or heat- labile?

A

Heat labile

80
Q

What are the 2 toxins of C. difficile? What are their actions?

A

Toxin A–> enterotoxin

Toxin B–> causes cytoskeletal disruption bia actin depolymerizatino (pseudomembranous colitis)

81
Q

What two drugs can cause C. diff?

A

climdamycin

Ampicillin

82
Q

What two drugs can cause C. diff?

A

climdamycin

Ampicillin

83
Q

What makes up the capsule of B. anthracis?

A

D- glutamate

84
Q

“Box car” like cells?

A

Anthrax

85
Q

How is listeria contracted?

A

Unpasteurzed diary products and cold deli meats

Transplacental transmission

Vaginal transmission at birth

86
Q

What is the motility of Listeria?

A

Tumbling–> intracellular movement

87
Q

What are the symptomsof listeria in infants?

A

Early spread–> sepsis

Late spread–> meningitis

88
Q

Which is an anaerobe…actinomyces or nocardia?

A

Actinomyces

89
Q

“sulfer granules”

A

Actinomyces

90
Q

How is actinomyces treated?

A

Penicillin

91
Q

How is nocardia treated?

A

Sulfonamides

92
Q

“fibrocaseous cavitary lesion in upper lobe of lung”

A

Secondary tuberculosis

93
Q

“Ghon focus in lower/ mid zones of lung and hilar lymph node LAD”

A

Primary TB (Ghon complex)

94
Q

What temperature does leprosy like to grow in?

A

Cool temperatures

95
Q

What cells does leprosy infection?

A

Infects skin and superficial nerves

96
Q

Which leprosy is a Th2 mediated response?

A

Lepromatous leprosy–> low cell mediated

97
Q

Which leprosy is a Th1 mediated response?

A

Tuberculoid leprosy–> high cell mediated response

GRANULOMAS

98
Q

Which neisseria can ferment maltose?

A

N. meningitidis

99
Q

What are the gram negative Coccoid Rods?

A

H. flu
Pasturella
Brucella
Bordetella

100
Q

Name 5 lactose fermenters?

A 
Klebsiella
E. coli
Enterobactier
Citrobacter
Serratia
101
Q

Which bacteria produce H2S?

A

Salmonella
Proteus
Yersinia

102
Q

Which bacteria is oxidase negative and H2S negative?

A

Shigella

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