peds: hematology Flashcards
What are common symptoms of hematologic disorders?
Pallor, lethargy, bruising.
Why is family history important in hematologic disorders?
Many have an inherited component.
What procedure is used to diagnose hematologic disorders?
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.
Where is a bone marrow biopsy typically performed in children?
Iliac crest or spine (less frightening than the sternum used in adults).
What is critical when performing a bone marrow biopsy?
Pain management, pressure application, and vital signs monitoring.
What are important considerations when administering blood transfusions?
Cultural considerations, slow delivery, and careful monitoring.
What is iron-deficient anemia?
The most common anemia in children, caused by insufficient iron intake.
When do infants need iron supplementation?
After 6 months, as their natural iron stores deplete.
How can iron-deficient anemia be prevented in infants?
Breastfeeding or iron-fortified feeding in the first year (11-15mg/day).
What dietary factor can cause iron-deficient anemia in toddlers?
Excessive milk consumption (common between 9 months and 3 years).
What are risk factors for iron-deficient anemia?
Age, breastfeeding infants, menstruating females, vegetarian diets, obesity.
What are symptoms of iron-deficient anemia?
Pale mucous membranes, pallor, systolic murmur, decreased muscle tone, fatigue, poor school performance.
What lab findings indicate iron-deficient anemia?
Hemoglobin < 11g/100mL, Hematocrit < 33%.
What dietary guideline can help prevent iron-deficient anemia in young children?
No more than 16 oz of milk per day for ages 1-5.
What is sickle cell anemia?
An autosomal recessive disorder where crescent-shaped erythrocytes cause ischemia and cell destruction.
When do symptoms of sickle cell anemia appear?
Around 6 months of age, when fetal hemoglobin transitions to adult hemoglobin.
How is sickle cell anemia diagnosed?
Prenatal and neonatal screening.
What are key symptoms of sickle cell anemia?
Thin build, splenomegaly/hepatomegaly, icteric sclera, priapism (painful erection), protruding abdomen.
What is the hemoglobin range in sickle cell anemia?
Hemoglobin = 6-8g/100mL.
What are risk factors for sickle cell anemia?
Black, non-Hispanic (1 in 400 births), sickle cell trait carrier (1 in 12 Black individuals in the U.S.), GI or respiratory illness.
What are the nursing interventions for sickle cell anemia?
Pain relief, hydration, and oxygenation.
What is idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?
A condition with decreased circulating platelets, often occurring after a viral illness.
What causes ITP?
Unknown cause, but typically follows a viral infection or upper respiratory illness.
What are key symptoms of ITP?
Petechiae, asymmetric ecchymosis (bruising on legs), low platelet count (<40,000 mm³), bleeding, joint pain, epistaxis (nosebleeds).
What is considered a dangerously low platelet count in ITP?
Below 20,000 per mm³.
What are risk factors for ITP?
Recent viral illness, unvaccinated status, congenital ITP (mother had ITP during pregnancy).
What are the nursing interventions for ITP?
Pain management, patient education.
What is hemophilia?
An inherited blood coagulation disorder.
What are symptoms of hemophilia?
Excessive bleeding, easy bruising, prolonged clotting times.
How is hemophilia diagnosed?
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test.
What are risk factors for hemophilia?
Genetic inheritance, can skip multiple generations.
What are the nursing interventions for hemophilia?
Bleeding control, Factor VIII administration, pain management, presurgical education.
What is acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL)?
A cancer characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of leukocytes.
What is the most common childhood cancer?
Acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL).
What age group has the highest incidence of ALL?
Children aged 2-6 years.
What age group has the best prognosis for ALL?
Children aged 2-10 years.
What are symptoms of ALL?
Anemia signs (pallor, lethargy), easy bruising, petechiae, bleeding from the oral mucosa, painless swollen lymph nodes, joint and abdominal pain, fever.
What lab findings indicate ALL?
Elevated leukocyte count, low platelet and hematocrit levels, low RBC count.
What are the risk factors for ALL?
Unknown origin, slightly more common in males, higher prevalence in Hispanic and White children.
What is the remission rate for ALL?
95% achieve remission.
How does relapse affect ALL prognosis?
Relapse significantly decreases survival chances.
What nursing interventions are important for ALL?
Alternative therapies, education, long-term monitoring.
