peds: hematology Flashcards
What are common symptoms of hematologic disorders?
Pallor, lethargy, bruising.
Why is family history important in hematologic disorders?
Many have an inherited component.
What procedure is used to diagnose hematologic disorders?
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.
Where is a bone marrow biopsy typically performed in children?
Iliac crest or spine (less frightening than the sternum used in adults).
What is critical when performing a bone marrow biopsy?
Pain management, pressure application, and vital signs monitoring.
What are important considerations when administering blood transfusions?
Cultural considerations, slow delivery, and careful monitoring.
What is iron-deficient anemia?
The most common anemia in children, caused by insufficient iron intake.
When do infants need iron supplementation?
After 6 months, as their natural iron stores deplete.
How can iron-deficient anemia be prevented in infants?
Breastfeeding or iron-fortified feeding in the first year (11-15mg/day).
What dietary factor can cause iron-deficient anemia in toddlers?
Excessive milk consumption (common between 9 months and 3 years).
What are risk factors for iron-deficient anemia?
Age, breastfeeding infants, menstruating females, vegetarian diets, obesity.
What are symptoms of iron-deficient anemia?
Pale mucous membranes, pallor, systolic murmur, decreased muscle tone, fatigue, poor school performance.
What lab findings indicate iron-deficient anemia?
Hemoglobin < 11g/100mL, Hematocrit < 33%.
What dietary guideline can help prevent iron-deficient anemia in young children?
No more than 16 oz of milk per day for ages 1-5.
What is sickle cell anemia?
An autosomal recessive disorder where crescent-shaped erythrocytes cause ischemia and cell destruction.
When do symptoms of sickle cell anemia appear?
Around 6 months of age, when fetal hemoglobin transitions to adult hemoglobin.
How is sickle cell anemia diagnosed?
Prenatal and neonatal screening.
What are key symptoms of sickle cell anemia?
Thin build, splenomegaly/hepatomegaly, icteric sclera, priapism (painful erection), protruding abdomen.
What is the hemoglobin range in sickle cell anemia?
Hemoglobin = 6-8g/100mL.
What are risk factors for sickle cell anemia?
Black, non-Hispanic (1 in 400 births), sickle cell trait carrier (1 in 12 Black individuals in the U.S.), GI or respiratory illness.
What are the nursing interventions for sickle cell anemia?
Pain relief, hydration, and oxygenation.
What is idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?
A condition with decreased circulating platelets, often occurring after a viral illness.
What causes ITP?
Unknown cause, but typically follows a viral infection or upper respiratory illness.
What are key symptoms of ITP?
Petechiae, asymmetric ecchymosis (bruising on legs), low platelet count (<40,000 mm³), bleeding, joint pain, epistaxis (nosebleeds).
