peds: bone development disorders Flashcards
What is genu varum?
Lateral bowing of the tibia (“bowlegs”).
At what age is genu varum common, and when does it resolve?
Common at 2 years old, resolves by 3 years old.
How is genu varum identified?
Malleoli touching, knees >2 inches apart.
What is genu valgum?
Medial bowing of the tibia (“knock knees”).
At what age is genu valgum common, and when does it resolve?
Common at 3-4 years old, resolves by school age.
How is genu valgum identified?
Knees touching, knees >3 inches apart.
What is osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)?
A connective tissue disorder leading to fragile bones and frequent fractures (“brittle bone disease”).
How is osteogenesis imperfecta diagnosed?
Genetic testing and prenatal testing.
What are the risk factors for osteogenesis imperfecta?
Genetic etiology, 8 types of the disorder.
What are nursing interventions for osteogenesis imperfecta?
Safety education and chronic management.
What is Osgood-Schlatter disease?
Thickening of the tibial tuberosity due to rapid growth and overuse.
Who is at higher risk for Osgood-Schlatter disease?
Prepubescent and pubescent males, especially athletes.
How does Osgood-Schlatter disease present?
Pain and inflammation below the knee, can be unilateral or bilateral.
What are nursing interventions for Osgood-Schlatter disease?
Rest and NSAIDs.
What is slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)?
Displacement of the femoral head through the epiphyseal plate, can lead to avascular necrosis.
Why is SCFE considered a surgical emergency?
Delayed treatment can lead to avascular necrosis.
How does SCFE present?
Limp, leg held in external rotation, possible knee pain.
Who is at higher risk for SCFE?
African American males, obese children, and preadolescents due to growth hormone involvement.
What are nursing interventions for SCFE?
Early identification is crucial; extensive post-operative education is needed.
What is osteomyelitis?
A bone infection.
What organisms commonly cause osteomyelitis?
Staphylococcus aureus in older children, Streptococcus pyogenes in younger children, Salmonella in children with sickle cell disease (SCD).
How does osteomyelitis present?
Sharp pain, fever, edema, sequestrum (dead bone tissue), increased WBC, CRP, sed rate, and positive blood culture.
What are risk factors for osteomyelitis?
Skin infections, open fractures, burn injuries.
What are nursing interventions for osteomyelitis?
IV antibiotics, rest, and immobilization.
What is osteosarcoma?
A malignant tumor of long bones.
Where is osteosarcoma most commonly found?
Distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus.
Where does osteosarcoma commonly metastasize?
Lungs and brain (especially in adolescents).
What is the prognosis for osteosarcoma?
70% survival with early diagnosis.
How does osteosarcoma present?
Pain, swelling, warmth, limp.
What are risk factors for osteosarcoma?
Males > females, radiation exposure, some genetic predisposition.
What are nursing interventions for osteosarcoma?
Chemotherapy, tumor resection, long-term care, and limb-salvaging surgery.
What is scoliosis?
A curvature of the spine.
How is scoliosis assessed?
Adam’s test (bend forward) and scoliometer (trunk curvature).
What degree of curvature requires treatment for scoliosis?
20 degrees or more.
What are risk factors for scoliosis?
Onset at puberty (8-15 years), female, family history, and underlying conditions.
What are nursing interventions for scoliosis?
Mass screening, treatment adherence, and possible surgery.
