adrenal gland disorders Flashcards
What is Cushing syndrome?
Overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands.
What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome in children?
Pituitary or adrenal cortex tumor.
What age group is most affected by Cushing syndrome?
Peak age 6–7 years, but can begin in infancy.
What are hallmark signs of Cushing syndrome?
“Moon” face, stocky build, striae, thin extremities, red cheeks.
What systemic effects does cortisol overproduction have?
Increases glucose, suppresses immunity, poor wound healing, vasoconstriction → hypertension.
How is Cushing syndrome managed?
Long-term medications, surgical removal of tumor.
What causes T1DM?
Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic cells.
What is the typical age of onset for T1DM?
Age 6–7 years or at puberty; can occur in infancy.
Common signs of T1DM in children?
Polydipsia, polyuria, bedwetting (enuresis), weight loss, dehydration.
Why is hospitalization often required for new T1DM diagnosis?
To manage DKA risk and for extensive family education.
What is DKA?
A metabolic emergency where the body produces excess ketones due to lack of insulin.
Symptoms of DKA?
Vomiting, abdominal pain, fruity breath, deep rapid breathing (Kussmaul), rapid pulse, dehydration.
How is T1DM diagnosed?
Two abnormal values on separate occasions:
Criteria for T1DM diagnosis?
(1) Random glucose >200 mg/dL with symptoms; (2) Fasting glucose >126 mg/dL; (3) 2-hour OGTT >200 mg/dL.
What are the four key components of T1DM management?
Insulin therapy, nutrition/exercise regulation, stress management, glucose/ketone monitoring.
What are the types of insulin based on?
Onset, peak, duration.
How is insulin administered?
Subcutaneously – upper arm, thigh; rotate sites; avoid scar tissue.
What tools help deliver insulin?
Syringes, auto-injectors, continuous insulin pumps.
What causes T2DM?
Decreased insulin production and/or insulin resistance.
Who is at risk for T2DM?
Obese adolescents, children with PCOS, family history, sedentary lifestyle, high-fat diet.
What physical sign is associated with insulin resistance?
Acanthosis nigricans (dark patches on neck, axilla, fingers/toes).
How is T2DM managed?
Diet changes, exercise, oral hypoglycemics (like metformin).
When is T2DM usually diagnosed?
Puberty, due to hormonal increase in insulin resistance
