care when preggo - Sheet1

Question 1

What is fertilization?

Answer 1

Fertilization is the union of an ovum and spermatozoon, usually occurring in the outer third of the fallopian tube.

Question 2

How long is an ovum capable of fertilization after ovulation?

Answer 2

An ovum is capable of fertilization for about 24 hours after ovulation.

Question 3

How long is the functional life of a spermatozoon?

Answer 3

The functional life of a spermatozoon is around 5 days.

Question 4

What is the critical time span during which sexual intercourse must occur for successful fertilization?

Answer 4

The critical time span is around 6 days: 5 days before ovulation and 24 hours after ovulation.

Question 5

What happens after fertilization?

Answer 5

After fertilization, the zygote migrates over 3-4 days towards the uterus, with implantation occurring about 8 days after ovulation.

Question 6

What is placenta previa?

Answer 6

Placenta previa occurs when the placenta implants low in the uterus, potentially blocking the cervix.

Question 7

What is the function of the placenta?

Answer 7

The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, produces hormones, and plasma proteins. It is referred to as the “heart and soul” of pregnancy.

Question 8

What is the function of amniotic fluid?

Answer 8

Amniotic fluid shields the fetus against pressure and blow, maintains temperature, aids in fetal movement, lung development, and protects the umbilical cord.

Question 9

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

Answer 9

The umbilical cord transports oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and returns wastes. It consists of 1 vein and 2 arteries.

Question 10

How does the fetal cardiovascular system adapt?

Answer 10

Blood is shunted away from the lungs through the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus in the fetus.

Question 11

When does surfactant production begin in the fetal lungs?

Answer 11

Surfactant production begins at 24 weeks of gestation and is necessary for lung development.

Question 12

When is surfactant sufficient for the fetus to breathe?

Answer 12

Surfactant becomes sufficient for lung maturity around 35 weeks.

Question 13

When does the fetal nervous system begin developing?

Answer 13

The fetal nervous system begins developing in the 3rd week of gestation, with the neural tube forming the central nervous system (CNS).

Question 14

When is meconium formed?

Answer 14

Meconium is formed early in fetal development and is sterile; vitamin K is almost nonexistent.

Question 15

When can fetal movement be felt (quickening)?

Answer 15

Fetal movement (quickening) can typically be felt around 16 weeks of gestation.

Question 16

How is the sex of the fetus determined?

Answer 16

The sex of the fetus is determined at conception by the presence of either an X or Y chromosome.

Question 17

What is the purpose of the urinary system in fetal development?

Answer 17

The fetal urinary system produces urine, which is necessary for maintaining the amount of amniotic fluid.

Question 18

When does subcutaneous fat begin developing in the fetus?

Answer 18

Subcutaneous fat begins developing around 36 weeks of gestation, helping the fetus maintain warmth.

Question 19

What are lanugo and vernix?

Answer 19

Lanugo is the fine hair covering the fetus, and vernix is the protective coating on the skin. Both are present to protect the fetus in the womb.

Question 20

How does the immune system develop in the fetus?

Answer 20

The fetus receives passive immunity through maternal IgG antibodies, which help protect against certain infections.

Question 21

What is Naegele’s Rule used for?

Answer 21

Naegele’s Rule is used to predict the Estimated Due Date (EDD) by counting back 3 calendar months from the first day of the last menstrual period and adding 7 days.

Question 22

How do you calculate the EDD using Naegele’s Rule?

Answer 22

Count back 3 calendar months from the first day of the last menstrual period, then add 7 days. For example, if the LMP was May 15, the EDD would be February 22.

Question 23

What is the typical fundal height at 12 weeks?

Answer 23

The fundal height is measured over the symphysis pubis at 12 weeks.

Question 24

What is the typical fundal height at 20 weeks?

Answer 24

At 20 weeks, the fundal height is at the level of the umbilicus (belly button).

Question 25

What is the typical fundal height at 36 weeks?

Answer 25

At 36 weeks, the fundal height reaches the xiphoid process. This can cause shortness of breath as the baby presses on the diaphragm.

Question 26

When is the fetal heart rate assessed?

Answer 26

The fetal heart rate is assessed at every prenatal visit, typically before 10 weeks of gestation.

Question 27

What is a normal nonstress test (NST)?

Answer 27

A reactive NST is indicated by a fetal heart rate (FHR) with normal rate, moderate variability, and two accelerations (>/= 15 bpm for >/= 15 seconds) in 20 minutes.

Question 28

What is the purpose of ultrasonography in pregnancy?

Answer 28

Ultrasonography helps diagnose pregnancy as early as six weeks, confirms the location of the placenta, measures amniotic fluid, estimates fetal growth, anatomy, and sex, and detects complications.

Question 29

What is the normal range of amniotic fluid between 28-40 weeks?

Answer 29

Normal amniotic fluid is between 12-15 cm of total pockets.

Question 30

What does it mean if amniotic fluid is below 5 cm?

Answer 30

Less than 5 cm of amniotic fluid is considered oligohydramnios, which indicates insufficient amniotic fluid.

Question 31

What does it mean if amniotic fluid is above 20 cm?

Answer 31

More than 20 cm of amniotic fluid is considered hydramnios, indicating excess amniotic fluid.

Question 32

What is a Biophysical Profile?

Answer 32

The Biophysical Profile combines five parameters to assess fetal well-being, scoring between 0 and 10. A score of 8-10 indicates good fetal health.

Question 33

What are the five parameters of the Biophysical Profile?

Answer 33

1. Fetal breathing, 2. Fetal movement, 3. Fetal tone, 4. Amniotic fluid volume, 5. Fetal heart reactivity (nonstress test).

Question 34

What is the criterion for a score of 2 in fetal breathing?

Answer 34

At least one episode of 30 seconds of sustained fetal breathing movements within 30 minutes on sonogram.

Question 35

What is the criterion for a score of 2 in fetal movement?

Answer 35

At least 3 separate episodes of fetal limb or trunk movement within a 30-minute observation on sonogram.

Question 36

What is the criterion for a score of 2 in fetal tone?

Answer 36

The fetus must extend and flex the extremities or spine at least once within 30 minutes on sonogram.

Question 37

What is the criterion for a score of 2 in amniotic fluid volume?

Answer 37

A pocket of amniotic fluid must measure more than 2 cm in vertical diameter on sonogram.

Question 38

What is the criterion for a score of 2 in fetal heart reactivity?

Answer 38

Two or more accelerations of the fetal heart rate of 15 bpm lasting 15 seconds or more following fetal movements in a 20-minute period.