appendicitis - orofacial clefts Flashcards
What is appendicitis?
Inflammation of the appendix.
What is the most common cause of abdominal surgery in children?
Appendicitis.
What age groups are most commonly affected by appendicitis?
School-aged children and adolescents (can occur at any age).
What causes appendicitis?
Fecal matter accumulates → inflammation → edema → necrosis → possible rupture and peritonitis.
What is a late sign of appendicitis?
Pain, particularly in the right lower quadrant (RLQ).
How does appendicitis pain typically present?
Starts diffuse, localizes to RLQ, accompanied by anorexia, nausea/vomiting, and fever.
What is rebound tenderness?
Pain upon release of pressure—more painful than the palpation itself.
What lab result supports an appendicitis diagnosis?
Leukocytosis (increased WBCs).
What imaging confirms appendicitis?
Ultrasound (US) or CT scan.
What is celiac disease?
An immune-mediated reaction to gluten causing damage to the intestinal villi.
What proteins trigger celiac disease?
Gluten in wheat, rye, barley, and oats.
What happens to the villi in celiac disease?
They flatten, reducing the ability to absorb nutrients.
What kind of stool is characteristic of celiac disease?
Steatorrhea: bulky, fatty, foul-smelling stools.
What are some symptoms of celiac disease?
FTT (failure to thrive), malnutrition.
Who is at risk for celiac disease?
Those with Northern European descent, T1D, and Down syndrome.
What is the only treatment for celiac disease?
A strict gluten-free diet.
What is Hirschsprung disease?
A congenital absence of ganglionic innervation in part of the bowel, usually in the sigmoid colon.
What does the lack of ganglia in Hirschsprung disease cause?
No peristalsis in that segment, leading to chronic constipation.
What type of stool is common in Hirschsprung disease?
Ribbonlike stools.
What other signs may be present in Hirschsprung disease?
Distended abdomen, undernourishment.
At what age is Hirschsprung disease typically diagnosed?
Between 6–12 months.
What is the treatment for Hirschsprung disease?
Surgical resection of the aganglionic segment.
What are orofacial clefts?
Structural abnormalities of the lip and/or palate.
Which sex is more affected by cleft lip?
Males.
