cardiac: congenital + acquired Flashcards
How common are congenital heart defects (CHD)?
8 out of 1,000 infants are born with CHD.
What percentage of infants with CHD are expected to live to adulthood?
90% are expected to live to adulthood.
How are congenital heart defects classified?
By embryological formation, structure, and physiology.
How can CHD affect pulmonary blood flow?
It can increase or decrease pulmonary blood flow.
What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
A condition where the fetal shunt fails to close after birth, allowing blood to flow from the aorta to the pulmonary artery, causing left heart dilation.
What are the assessment findings for PDA?
Early systolic murmur without resolution, rales, congestion, increased work of breathing (WOB), difficulty feeding, failure to thrive (FTT); diagnosed via echocardiogram.
What are the nursing interventions and education for PDA?
Diuretics, increased calories at feeds, possible surgical closure, NSAIDs to facilitate closure.
What is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?
A condition where a portion of the atrial septal tissue does not fully form, increasing pulmonary blood flow.
What are the assessment findings for ASD?
Pulmonary overcirculation signs, rales, congestion, tiring with activity, frequent respiratory infections, poor weight gain, few signs of heart failure; diagnosed via echocardiogram.
What are the nursing interventions and education for ASD?
Monitor small defects for spontaneous closure, use diuretics if needed, cardiac catheterization for larger defects.
What is Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?
The most common heart defect in children, where a portion of the ventricular septum does not fully close, increasing pulmonary blood flow.
What are the assessment findings for VSD?
Murmur at the lower sternal border, signs of heart failure (tachycardia, poor feeding, FTT, tachypnea, retractions, rales); diagnosed via echocardiogram.
What are the nursing interventions and education for VSD?
Careful monitoring, surgical or catheterization closure for larger defects.
What is Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)?
A congenital heart defect that decreases pulmonary blood flow and often requires intervention in the first year of life.
What are the assessment findings for TOF?
Systolic murmur at the upper left sternal border, hypercyanotic spells (deep cyanosis, distress, irritability).
What are the nursing interventions and education for TOF?
Emergency management for hypercyanotic spells, surgical repair typically at 3–6 months of age.
What is Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)?
A narrowing of the aorta.
What are the assessment findings for CoA?
Possible murmur, unequal upper and lower extremity pulses, different blood pressures between the right arm and either leg.
What are the risk factors for CoA?
Congenital, more common in males than females.
What are the nursing interventions and education for CoA?
Surgical repair, balloon dilation, and monitoring.
What is Kawasaki’s Disease?
A mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome and an acquired heart disease.
What does Kawasaki’s Disease cause?
Acute febrile syndrome with generalized vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels).
What serious risks are associated with Kawasaki’s Disease?
Risk of thrombus formation and myocardial infarction (MI).
What long-term complications can Kawasaki’s Disease cause?
Potential coronary artery involvement and long-term abnormalities.
How is Kawasaki’s Disease diagnosed?
Diagnosis of exclusion; no specific lab tests or diagnostics confirm it.
What is a key symptom of Kawasaki’s Disease?
Prolonged fever (≥100.4°F [39°C]) lasting 5 or more days.
How many additional symptoms must be present for Kawasaki’s Disease diagnosis?
At least four out of five specific symptoms.
What are the five symptoms used to diagnose Kawasaki’s Disease?
- Changes in hands/feet (erythema, edema, peeling). 2. Polymorphous exanthema (maculopapular rash on trunk/extremities). 3. Bilateral conjunctivitis without exudates. 4. Changes in lips/mouth (erythema, strawberry tongue, dry/cracked lips). 5. Cervical lymphadenopathy (>1.5 cm, usually unilateral).
What are the risk factors for Kawasaki’s Disease?
Unknown etiology, possible genetic predisposition, infectious precursor but not contagious.
When is Kawasaki’s Disease most common?
Winter and spring.
What demographics are more affected by Kawasaki’s Disease?
More common in males, children <5 years old, and Asian or Pacific Island descent.
What are the nursing interventions for Kawasaki’s Disease?
Supportive care, nutrition, hydration, and fever management.
What treatments are used for Kawasaki’s Disease?
IVIG and aspirin therapy.
What is Rheumatic Fever?
An autoimmune disease that occurs after a Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection (strep throat).
What does Rheumatic Fever cause in the body?
Inflammatory lesions in the heart, blood vessels, brain, and joints.
What is the primary cause of Rheumatic Fever?
Untreated or inadequately treated strep pharyngitis.
What are the risk factors for Rheumatic Fever?
More common in economically disadvantaged populations worldwide.
What age group is most affected by Rheumatic Fever?
Children aged 6-15 years.
What is a common joint-related symptom of Rheumatic Fever?
Polyarthritis with fluid accumulation.
What heart-related symptom is seen in Rheumatic Fever?
Carditis, usually presenting as mitral valve insufficiency.
What neurological symptom can occur with Rheumatic Fever?
Sydenham chorea (sudden involuntary limb movements).
What skin-related symptom may indicate Rheumatic Fever?
Erythema marginatum (macular rash on the trunk, rare but definitive if present).
What other physical symptom can occur with Rheumatic Fever?
Subcutaneous nodules on bony joints.
What lab tests help diagnose Rheumatic Fever?
Elevated antistreptolysin-O (ASO) titer, elevated ESR and CRP.
What is the primary treatment for Rheumatic Fever?
Penicillin therapy.
What is required for long-term Rheumatic Fever management?
Short- and long-term monitoring and management.
How common is childhood obesity in the U.S.?
1 in 3 children is obese or overweight.
What are the consequences of childhood obesity?
It can cause lifelong physical, emotional, social, and economic issues.
What serious health issue is linked to childhood obesity?
Increased risk of cardiac disease.
How is obesity defined in children?
BMI at or above the 95th percentile.
How is being overweight defined in children?
BMI at or above the 85th percentile.
What dietary changes can help prevent childhood obesity?
Consuming a low-fat diet and eliminating sugary beverages and foods.
What lifestyle changes can help prevent childhood obesity?
Increasing physical activity and reducing screen time.
