GI disorders Flashcards
What are common signs of GU concern in children?
Mild abdominal pain, slowly progressive edema, low-grade fever.
How is the anatomical placement of the kidneys different in children?
Kidneys are placed lower with less perinephric fat, increasing trauma risk.
Why are females more prone to UTIs?
Shorter urethra and its proximity to the anus and vagina.
What are key nursing diagnoses for pediatric GU disorders?
Pain from UTI, excess fluid from kidney dysfunction, fear of renal transplant, malnutrition, social isolation, altered family processes, impaired coping.
What diagnostic methods are used for GU disorders in children?
Urinalysis, urine culture, BUN, GFR, ultrasound, MRI, cystoscopy, renal biopsy, radioisotope scanning.
What is a patent urachus?
A fistula between the bladder and the umbilicus.
What is exstrophy of the bladder?
The bladder is exposed on the surface of the abdominal wall.
What are epispadias and hypospadias?
Abnormal urethral openings on the dorsal or ventral side of the penis.
What is the treatment for structural GU abnormalities in children?
Surgical repair (typically not associated with other conditions—reassure parents).
How do children commonly present with UTIs?
Fever without other symptoms, mild abdominal pain, enuresis.
What symptoms indicate more severe UTI or kidney involvement?
High fever, flank pain, malaise, vomiting.
What must a urine culture show to confirm a UTI?
Bacteriuria and pyuria.
What are the urine collection methods for UTI diagnosis?
Midstream clean-catch, catheterization, suprapubic aspiration (gold standard).
How are pediatric UTIs treated?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics.
What is key for preventing pediatric UTIs?
Education on hygiene and prevention.
What is acute glomerulonephritis?
Inflammation of glomeruli, often following a group A strep infection.
What age group is most affected by acute glomerulonephritis?
Ages 5–10 years.
What seasonal pattern is associated with acute glomerulonephritis?
Winter and spring.
What is the gender distribution for acute glomerulonephritis?
Males more commonly affected.
What are hallmark signs of acute glomerulonephritis?
Hematuria, proteinuria, tea/smoky-colored urine, oliguria, edema, hypertension, galloping heart rhythm.
What is the usual duration and treatment for acute glomerulonephritis?
1–2 weeks, supportive care, antibiotics for strep, limited activity.
How long until full renal recovery from acute glomerulonephritis?
About 2 months.
What is nephrotic syndrome?
A condition where altered glomerular permeability allows protein loss in urine; autoimmune in nature.
What lab finding is characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
Significant proteinuria.
What gender is more affected by nephrotic syndrome?
Males more than females.
What age group has the highest incidence of nephrotic syndrome?
Around age 3.
What are common signs of nephrotic syndrome?
Lower extremity and periorbital edema, ascites (tight waistbands), hyperlipidemia.
What is the treatment for nephrotic syndrome?
Long-term steroid therapy, diuretics in some cases.
What is nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)?
A malignant tumor located on the upper pole of the kidney.
What percentage of all solid childhood tumors does Wilms tumor account for?
0.2
What is the survival rate for Wilms tumor?
Greater than 90%.
What is the typical age of diagnosis for Wilms tumor?
Between 6 months and 5 years; peak age 3–4 years.
Where can Wilms tumor metastasize if untreated?
Lungs, lymph nodes, brain.
What is a common misdiagnosis for Wilms tumor?
Constipation (due to abdominal mass).
What is a key characteristic of Wilms tumor progression?
Rapid growth due to large blood supply.
What is the treatment for Wilms tumor?
Nephrectomy and chemotherapy.
