DNA technology or classification and diveristy Flashcards
what have advances in genome sequencing lead to
advances in genome sequencing have meant that the entire base sequence of an organisms DNA can be determined . The DNA base sequence of one organism can then be compared to the DNA base sequence of another organism, to see how closely related they are
what will closely related species have a higher percentage of
closely related species will have a higher percentage of similarity in their DNA base order, e.g. humans and chimps share around 94% and human and mice share around 86%
what are the three techniques that advancements have been made in
genome sequencing, comparing amino acid sequence, immunological comparisons
what is the sequence of amino acids in a protein coded by
the base sequence in DNA
what do related organisms share
similar DNA sequences and so similar amino acid sequences in their proteins
E.g. cytochrome C is a short protein found in many species. The more similar the amino acid sequence of cytochrome C in two different species, the more closely related the species are likely to be
What will similar proteins bind to
The same antibodies
E.g. if antibodies to a human version of a protein are added to isolated samples from some other species, any protein that’s like the human version will also be recognised (bound) by that antibody
This is immunological comparison
What have gene technologies changed
The way genetic diversity is assessed
How were early estimates of genetic diversity made
Early estimates of genetic diversity were made by looking at the frequency of measurable characteristics in a population, e.g. the number of different eye colours in a population and the number of people with each particular eye colour.
Since different alleles determine different characteristics what do a wide variety of each characteristic in a population indicate
A high number of different alleles and so a high genetic diversity
What have developed gene technologies allowed us to do
Measure genetic diversity directly
What will different alleles of the same gene have different
They will have slightly different DNA base sequences.
What will different alleles produce slightly different from eachother
They will produce slightly different mRNA base sequences, and may produce proteins with slightly different amino acid sequences, so these can also be conpared
What can these new gene technologies be used for
These new technologies can all be used to give more accurate estimates of genetic diversity within a population or species. They also allow the genetic diversity of different species to be compared more easily
What two techniques could be used to assess genetic diversity within a species
Genome sequencing
Comparing amino acid sequence
Immuological comparisons
(Any two of these three)
what does Comparing the DNA base sequences of the same gene in different organisms in a population do
Comparing the DNA base sequences of the same gene in different organisms in a population allows scientists to find out how many alleles of that gene there are in that population.
