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AP Bio > 13.4 Gene Regulation And Expression > Flashcards

13.4 Gene Regulation And Expression Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria and other prokaryotes need to transcribe all of their genes at the same time (True or False)

A

false

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2
Q

what is regulating gene expression

A

only using genes necessary for the cell to function

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3
Q

DNA binding proteins in prokaryotes regulate genes by controlling

A

transcription

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4
Q

Operon

A

a group of genes that are regulated together (genes usually have related functions) made of promoter, operator, and the genes being transcribed

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5
Q

Promoter sign

A

P

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6
Q

Operator sign

A

O

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7
Q

Promoter

A

site where RNA-polymerase can bind to begin transcription

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8
Q

Operator

A

site where a DNA-binding protein known as the lac repressor can bind to DNA (is the on/off switch)

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9
Q

What is an example of prokaryotic gene regulation

A

the lac operon (lactose)

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10
Q

The genes for proteins in E coli, include a lac operon that must be turned on before the bacterium can

A

use the sugar lactose as food

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11
Q

Why is the lac operon needed in the bacterium?

A

The lac operon is needed because the bacterium uses it to break down lactose (into galactose and glucose) for food. However when only galactose or glucose is present (no lactose) it is not needed

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12
Q

How does the lac repressor block transcription (turn “off”)

A

it binds to the O region, this causes the RNA Polymerase to not be able to reach the lac genes so it cannot begin transcription

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13
Q

How many steps are needed for lactose to turn the operon on

A

2

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14
Q

The lac repressor protein has a binding site for

A

lactose

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15
Q

What is the first step of turning the operon on

A

When lactose is added, it diffuses through the cell and attaches to the lac repressor which causes the repressor protein to change shape and fall off the operator

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16
Q

What is the second step of turning the operon on

A

RNA Polymerase bind to promoter and transcribes the genes of the operon

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17
Q

Most eukaryotic genes are controlled

A

individually and have more complex regulatory sequences

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18
Q

TATA box

A

short region of DNA that is located about 20 - 30 base pairs away from the start gene containing the sequence TATATA…. or TATAAAAA….

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19
Q

what is the function of the TATA box

A

binds a protein that helps position RNA polymerase by marking a point just before the beginning of a gene

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20
Q

Transcription factors

A

DNA binding proteins that control the expression of genes

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21
Q

In most cases, what must happen before RNA polymerase is able to attach to the promoter region and start transcription

A

multiple transcription factors must bind

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22
Q

Some factors can affect multiple genes at once (True or False )

A

True

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23
Q

Receptor complexes

A

Made of receptor proteins and chemical messengers etc

24
Q

Receptor complexes can act as a transcription factor that binds to DNA and sends out a chemical signal that can

A

activate multiple genes

25
Q

What other factors can affect gene expression

A
  • exit of the mRNA
  • stability of mRNA
  • breakdown of gene’s protein products
26
Q

Cell specialization =

A

complex gene regulation

27
Q

cells contain lots of…

A

small RNA that is not mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA

28
Q

the small mRNA affects

A

gene expression

29
Q

Dicer

A

enzyme that cuts the double stranded loops of mRNA into miRNA

30
Q

miRNA stands for

A

micro RNA

31
Q

How are silencing complexs created?

A

after the mRNA is split, the two strands of the loop separate and form miRNA —> the miRNA sticks to some mRNA molecules and stops them from passing on their protein making instructions

32
Q

RNA interference

A

blocking gene expression by means of miRNA silencing

33
Q

does RNA interference take place in all organisms?

A

yes and it plays a role in human growth and development

34
Q

RNAi technology holds the promise of

A

medical scientists being able to turn off the expression of virus cells or cancer cells

35
Q

differentiation

A

becoming specialized in structure and function

36
Q

homeotic genes

A

regulate organs and their development

37
Q

homeobox genes

A

Code for transcription factors that activate other genes important in cells development and differentiation
determines the presence of body parts

38
Q

Hox genes

A

they tell the cells of the body how to differentiate as the body grows and determines the location of body parts

39
Q

Why do common factors of genetic control exist?

A

because all these genes have descended from the genes of common ancestors

40
Q

What environmental factors can affect prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

temperature, salinity, nutrient availability

41
Q

metamorphosis can be an example of how

A

environmental influences affect gene expression

42
Q

operators are aka

A

o region

43
Q

When is the lac repressor on the operator

A

the lac repressor is ALWAYS on the operator unless it is bonded to lactose

44
Q

In lac operon, lactose is known as the

A

inducer

45
Q

the TATA box is a part of the

A

promoter

46
Q

How do environmental factors affect metamorphosis

A

Lack of nutrients, drying of ponds, amounts of food

47
Q

what is the function of the TATA box

A

binds a protein which helps position RNA polymerase right before the beginning of a gene

48
Q

enhancer

A

short sequences that recruit activator proteins which help RNA Polymerase work efficiently

49
Q

is the enhancer a part of the promoter region

A

no

50
Q

What are some examples of transcription factors

A

attracting RNA Polymerase, opening up chromatin, and blocking access to certain genes

51
Q

Promoters have ______ binding sites for transcription factors

A

multiple

52
Q

Cell specialization requires

A

genetic specialization

53
Q

homeotic genes are also known as

A

master control genes

54
Q

how long are hox genes

A

180 bps

55
Q

how are hox genes arranged

A

from head to tail

AP Bio (67 decks)

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