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AP Bio > 11.4 Meiosis > Flashcards

11.4 Meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chromosomes

A

the carriers of genes, which are located in specific positions

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2
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

chromosomes that are identical (same centromere, same location, and genes)

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3
Q

Where do homologous chromosomes come from?

A

one from each parent —> mom and dad

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4
Q

The diploid cells of most adult organisms contain 2 complete sets of _____ _____ and two complete sets of ______

A

inherited chromosomes; genes

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5
Q

The gametes of sexually reproducing organisms are ____

A

haploid

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6
Q

Meiosis

A

the formation of gametes
a process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

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7
Q

What is the end result of meiosis

A

egg and sperm cells

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8
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells (egg and sperm )

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9
Q

Egg cells are ____ reproductive cells

A

female

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10
Q

Sperm cells are ____ reproductive cells

A

male

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23

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12
Q

Do gametes go through mitosis

A

no bc they have half the amount of chromosomes

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13
Q

Gonad

A

reproductive organs

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14
Q

haploid

A

(n) 1 set of chromosomes

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15
Q

Diploid

A

(2n) 2 sets of chromosomes

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16
Q

What does the n in hiploid and diploid cells represent

A

a single set of chromosomes found in a sperm or egg cell

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17
Q

Female gonad

A

ovary

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18
Q

Male gonad

A

testes

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19
Q

How many stages does meiosis have?

A

DOS

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20
Q

What happens before meiosis

A

Interphase

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21
Q

Is interphase a step in meiosis?

A

no

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22
Q

How many steps does interphase have?

A

3

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23
Q

What are the steps of interphase

A

1) G₁
2) S
3) G₂

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24
Q

G₁ is aka

A

Gap 1

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25
Q

S is aka

A

synthesis

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26
Q

G₂ is aka

A

Gap 2

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27
Q

Gap 1

A

basic growth of proteins, organelles, etc. Cell gets bigger and undergoes chemical processes

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28
Q

Synthesis

A

where we copy genetic material. (duplicate chromosomes)
Begins with 46 chromosomes (46 chromatids) –> duplicates into 46 chromosomes (92 CHROMATIDS)

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29
Q

Gap 2 is aka

A

the mitosis prep stage

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30
Q

Gap 2

A

duplicate centrosomes and centrioles (CENTRIOLES IN ANIMAL CELLS ONLY)

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31
Q

What is the shortest phase of interphase

A

Gap 2

32
Q

Gap 1 and Gap 2 are periods of…

A

intense growth and activity

33
Q

What are the two stages of meiosis?

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

34
Q

How do we count chromosomes

A

by the amount of centromeres

35
Q

How many times do cells divide in meiosis

A

twice

36
Q

Why do cells in meiosis divide twice

A

to get from 46 chromosomes (92 chromatids) to 46 chromosomes (46 chromatids) to 23 chromosomes (23 chromatids) [23 IS THE AMT OF CHROMOSOMES GAMETES HAVE]

37
Q

Meiosis I

A

split into 46 chromosomes (46 chromatids) from 46 chromosomes (92 chromatids)

38
Q

How many steps does Meiosis I have?

A

CINCO

39
Q

What are the five steps of Meiosis I

A

PI, MI, AI, TI, Cytokinesis

40
Q

PI (Prophase 1) has ___ steps

A

2

41
Q

What is the first step of PI

A

Synapsis

42
Q

Synapsis

A

the replicated chromosomes pair with their corresponding homologous chromosomes

43
Q

What is formed in synapsis

A

tetrads

44
Q

Tetrad

A

structure containing 4 chromatids (2 corresponding homologous chromosomes)

45
Q

What is the second step of PI

A

Crossing over

46
Q

Crossing over

A

The chromatids of the homologous chromosomes cross over one another and the crossed sections are exchanged

47
Q

How many times does crossing over occur?

A

about 2-3 times

48
Q

What does crossing over create?

A

Recombinant chromosomes

49
Q

Recombinant Chromosomes

A

new combinations of alleles formed from the switched genes (parts of chromosomes)

50
Q

What is the second step of Meiosis 1

A

MI

51
Q

What happens in MI

A

The paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell in two lines because they are pairs

52
Q

What is the sub step between MI and AI

A

Independent Assortment

53
Q

Independent Assortment

A

the law that states that each homologous chromosome has an equal chance of assorting to either side

54
Q

What is the step after Independent Assortment?

A

AI

55
Q

What happens in AI

A

spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair towards opposite ends of the cell

56
Q

What is the step after AI

A

TI

57
Q

What happens in TI

A
  • Reform nuclear envelopes and nucleolus
  • the spindle fibers break down (hydrolyze)
58
Q

What happens after TI

A

cytokinesis

59
Q

Cytokinesis

A

splits cell into two haploid daughter cells

60
Q

At the end of Meiosis 1 the chromosomes are still ____

A

double

61
Q

What happens after Meiosis 1

A

G₁ and G₂

62
Q

Does interphase occur between Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2?

A

no, bc there is no synthesis

63
Q

What happens after G₁ and G₂?

A

Meiosis II

64
Q

Meiosis II

A

splits 46 chromosomes (46 chromatids) into 23 chromosomes (23 chromatids)

65
Q

How many steps are in Meiosis II and what are they

A

P II, M II, A II, T II

66
Q

All the steps in Meiosis are…

A

the same as mitosis

67
Q

What is the result of Meiosis II

A

4 haploid daughter cells

68
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized (by sperm) egg

69
Q

Gene Mapping

A

the process of locating genes on a chromosome

70
Q

What are the measurements used in Gene Mapping?

A

mapping units

71
Q

How is gene mapping determined?

A

determined by the percentage of crossing over (higher chance of crossing over when genes are far, smaller chance if genes are close)

72
Q

Gene Linkage

A

If two genes are located close to each other on a chromosome then they are linked and usually do not assort independently

73
Q

There are ______ of genes per chromosome

A

thousands

74
Q

Mendel had knowledge of chromosomes (True or False)

A

False

75
Q

heredity

A

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