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AP Bio > 12.3 DNA Replication > Flashcards

12.3 DNA Replication Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA strands are

A

Complimentary

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2
Q

Complementary strands

A

Each strand of DNA has the information it needs to make the other strand because of Chargaff‘s rule

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3
Q

Replication

A

 duplication process of DNA which occurs during s phase in interphase
The DNA molecule splits into two strands and produces two complementary strands

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4
Q

How many steps are there in replication

A

2

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5
Q

 What is the first step of replication

A

Two strands of DNA are separated forming to replication forks

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6
Q

What is the second step of replication

A

Has the new strand forms new bases are added following the rules of base pairing

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7
Q

Replication is carried out by

A

Enzymes

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8
Q

What is the principal enzyme of replication

A

DNA polymerase

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9
Q

DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to, produce a new strand of DNA produce sugar phosphate bonds, proofreads new strands

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10
Q

Telomeres

A

DNA at the tips of chromosomes this is hard to replicate

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11
Q

Telomerase

A

Special enzyme that adds short repeated DNA sequences to telomeres 

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12
Q

What does telomerase do

A

Helps to prevent genes from being damaged your loss during replication in embryonic cells stem cells and other rapidly dividing cells

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13
Q

Telomerase is often switched off in

A

Adult cells

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14
Q

What form is DNA in in prokaryotes

A

Singular circular chromosome

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15
Q

When does replication occur in prokaryotes

A

Replication occurs when regulatory proteins bind to a starting point on the chromosome they trigger s phase to occur

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16
Q

In prokaryotes replication starts in____
spot

A

One

17
Q

In what direction does replication occur in prokaryotes

A

Replication starts in one spot and proceeds in opposite directions

18
Q

What happens after replication in prokaryotes

A

Often to DNA attach to different sides of the cell and separate during cytokinesis

19
Q

eukaryotes have _____ More DNA than prokaryotes and it is found in the nucleus

A

1000x

20
Q

How is DNA stored in eukaryotes

A

Tightly package with histones to form chromatin which is stored in the nucleus

21
Q

Where does replication begin on DNA

A

Replication may begin at many places on DNA

22
Q

In what direction is replication occur in eukaryotes

A

Replication can start in many spots and proceed in opposite directions

23
Q

Damaged regions of DNA sometimes copied which may…

A

Alter certain genes

24
Q

Semiconservative DNA replication

A

When DNA replicates the new DNA is made up of one daughter and one parent DNA strand

25
Q

How many problems does DNA polymerase have

A

3

26
Q

What is the first problem of DNA polymerase

A

DNA polymerase cannot start a new strand enough unless there is an existing nucleotide in place

27
Q

What is the solution to the first problem of DNA Polymerase

A

Primase

28
Q

Primase

A

Enzyme that puts down and RNA primer so that DNA polymerase can build the rest of the strand

29
Q

What is the second problem of DNA polymerase

A

DNA polymerase can only work in a five prime to three prime direction

30
Q

What is the solution to the second DNA polymerase problem

A

Okazaki fragments

31
Q

How do Okazaki fragments work

A

Okazaki fragments form starting from about 100 to 200 base pairs away from the RNA primer

32
Q

After Okazaki fragments form DNA polymerase takes away

A

The primer

33
Q

What connects Okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase

34
Q

How does DNA ligase connect Okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase connects the Okazaki fragments fragments by forming covalent bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups

35
Q

The strand that goes from five prime to three prime is called the

A

Leading strand

36
Q

The strand going from 3 Prime to five prime is called the

A

Lagging strand

37
Q

What is the third problem of DNA polymerase

A

Every time the DNA replicates DNA gets shorter because when the DNA polymerase takes away the primer there is nothing to replace it

38
Q

What is the solution to the third problem of DNA polymerase

A

Telomerase produces telomeres which are useful so when the DNA strands shorten you are not losing useful DNA

39
Q

The telomeres produced by telomerase are

A

Nonsensical Nucleotides are just there so but don’t affect anything

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