11.2 Applying Mendel Principles

Question 1

Probability

Answer 1

the likelihood that a particular event will occur

Question 2

How do you find multiple probabilities of the same event?

Answer 2

multiply the probabilities

Question 3

Probability can be used to predict the outcomes of _______ ________

Answer 3

genetic crosses

Question 4

Homozygous

Answer 4

organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a particular gene (TT)

Question 5

Heterozygous

Answer 5

organisms that have 2 different alleles for the same gene (Tt)

Question 6

How can the probability of genetics be more accurate

Answer 6

calculate multiple times

Question 7

The ______ the number of offspring, the closer the results will be to the predicted values

Answer 7

larger

Question 8

Phenotype

Answer 8

physical traits (small, tall, green, etc.)

Question 9

Genotype

Answer 9

genetic make up (TT, Tt, tt)

Question 10

What determines phenotype?

Answer 10

genotype

Question 11

What determines genotype?

Answer 11

inheritance

Question 12

Punnet square

Answer 12

squares that use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic crosses

Question 13

Who created the punnet square?

Answer 13

Reginald Punnet

Question 14

What do punnet squares create?

Answer 14

probable zygotes

Question 15

How many types of punnet squares are there?

Answer 15

2

Question 16

What are the two types of punnet squares?

Answer 16

One-factor cross and two factor cross

Question 17

Genotypic Ratio

Answer 17

ratio of the outcome of genotypes from a punnet square (75% TT: 25% Tt)

Question 18

Phenotypic Ratio

Answer 18

ratio of the outcomes of phenotypes from a punnet square (75% tall 25: green)

Question 19

Product law of Probabilities

Answer 19

when two independent events occur simultaneously, the combined probability of the two outcomes is equal to the product of the individual properties of each outcome

Question 20

Which allele always comes first when solving a punnet square

Answer 20

the dominant allele

Question 21

Homo means

Answer 21

same

Question 22

Hetero means

Answer 22

different

Question 23

How many postulates did Mendel have?

Answer 23

4

Question 24

What is Mendel’s first postulate

Answer 24

The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units (genes) which are passed from parent to offspring

Question 25

What is Mendel’s first postulate aka

Answer 25

Unit factors are formed in pairs

Question 26

What is Mendel’s second postulate?

Answer 26

Dominant traits always suppress the recessive from appearing (in the phenotypes)

Question 27

What is Mendel’s second postulate aka?

Answer 27

Dominant and Recessive

Question 28

What is Mendel’s third postulate?

Answer 28

In most sexually reproducing organism, each adult has 2 copies of each gene (one from each parent)

Question 29

What is the ratio of percentages that the offspring will be female:male

Answer 29

50% : 50%

Question 30

What is Mendel’s fourth postulate?

Answer 30

In meiosis, which allele goes into each gamete (for one gene) has NO effect on which allele goes into another gamete (for another gene)

Question 31

Postulate 4 is aka

Answer 31

The Law of Independent Assortment

Question 32

Dihybrid cross

Answer 32

two-factor cross in which both are heterozygous for both traits (TG x tg —– Tg x tG)

Question 33

Monohybrid cross

Answer 33

single-factor cross (both homozygous for one trait) (TT x tt)

Question 34

What type of cross did Mendel use to make Postulate 4?

Answer 34

Dihybrid cross

Question 35

What is Mendel’s most famous cross?

Answer 35

Dihybrid cross