13.3 Mutations

Question 1

Mutations

Answer 1

Heritable changes in genetic information

Question 2

How many main groups of mutations are there

Answer 2

2

Question 3

What are the two main groups of mutations

Answer 3

Chromosomal mutations and gene mutations

Question 4

Gene mutations

Answer 4

Changes/mistakes in a single gene

Question 5

What is a synonym of gene mutations

Answer 5

Point mutations

Question 6

Point Mutations

Answer 6

Genie mutations that involves changes in one or a few nucleotides

Question 7

How many types of gene mutations are there

Answer 7

3

Question 8

What are the three types of gene mutations

Answer 8

Substitutions deletions and insertions

Question 9

When did gene mutations generally occur

Answer 9

Replication

Question 10

Substitutions

Answer 10

Mutation in which one bases change to another base usually affects only one amino acid or has no effect at all

Question 11

What is an example of a Disease caused by a substitution

Answer 11

Sickle cell disease

Question 12

What is sickle cell disease caused by

Answer 12

One mismatched base which changes one amino acid

Question 13

Insertions

Answer 13

Point mutations in which one base is added to the sequence these are generally worse because they change all of the amino acids formed by groups of three after the base that is inserted

Question 14

Deletions

Answer 14

Point mutations in which one bases taken away from the sequence generally are worse for the same reason as insertions

Question 15

What are insertions and deletions also known as

Answer 15

Frameshift mutations

Question 16

Frameshift mutation

Answer 16

Mutations that shift the reading frame of the genetic message
these alter every amino acid to follow the point of mutation and therefore proteins

Question 17

Chromosomal mutations

Answer 17

Mutations that involve changes in the number location and structure of chromosomes they can also affect the number of copies of genes

Question 18

Where do chromosomal mutations usually occur

Answer 18

Crossing over in prophase

Question 19

How many types of chromosomal mutations are there

Answer 19

4

Question 20

What are the four types of chromosomal mutations

Answer 20

Deletions duplications inversions translocation

Question 21

Deletions (chromosomal mutations)

Answer 21

Loss of all or part of a chromosome (one or more genes)

Question 22

Duplication

Answer 22

Duplication of all or part of a chromosome (one or more genes)

Question 23

Inversion

Answer 23

Has the same amount of genes but they are in a different order

Question 24

Translocation

Answer 24

When a part of a chromosome switches (in crossing over) with a non-homologous chromosome

Question 25

How are mutations beneficial

Answer 25

Mutations are key to evolution and are a source of genetic variation

Question 26

How can genetic material be altered

Answer 26

Buy natural events or artificial means

Question 27

How can mutations affect organisms

Answer 27

Mutations can be beneficial harmful or helpful and can also affect a species or even a whole ecosystem

Question 28

What may cause some bacteria to increase mutation rate

Answer 28

Stressful environmental conditions

Question 29

Mutagens

Answer 29

Chemical or physical agents in the environment that cause mutations generally these are not good or bad

Question 30

Mutagen can produce

Answer 30

High mutation rates

Question 31

What are some examples of chemical mutagens

Answer 31

Pesticides, a few natural plant alkaloids, tobacco smoke and environmental pollutants

Question 32

What are some examples of physical mutagens

Answer 32

Some EM radiation such as x-rays and UV light

Question 33

What are some examples of harmful mutations

Answer 33

Cancer anemia severe pain frequent infections and stunted growth

Question 34

What are some examples of beneficial mutations

Answer 34

Production of proteins useful to organisms in changing environments (insects resist pesticides) and increase resistance to HIV

Question 35

Polyploidy

Answer 35

When an organism has an extra set of chromosomes

Question 36

What can polyploidy result in

Answer 36

Triploid (3n) or tetraploid organisms (4n)

Question 37

What is polyploidy a result of

Answer 37

Usually a result of not separating chromosomes in meiosis or no cytokinesis

Question 38

Is polyploidy beneficial or harmful

Answer 38

Harmful to animals but beneficial to plants because it makes them stronger