Regulating the Cell Cycle

Question 1

Cancer

Answer 1

a disorder in which body cells lose the ability to control growth (There are multiple types of cancer therefore there is no specific definition/cure)

Question 2

Apoptosis

Answer 2

programmed cell death

Question 3

How many steps does apoptosis consist of

Answer 3

3

Question 4

What are the 3 steps of apoptosis

Answer 4

1) Cell and its chromatin shrink
2) Parts of the cell membrane break off
3) Neighboring cells quickly clean off the cells remains

Question 5

What are the reasons for apoptosis

Answer 5

• too many of that type of cell
• if a cell is infected or has a virus
• cell has completed its function

Question 6

What are some examples that go through apoptosis

Answer 6

• the webbing of the digits between human digits in an embryo
• the tail of a tadpole

Question 7

Normal cells display:

Answer 7

1) density dependent inhibition/contact inhibition
2) anchorage dependence

Question 8

density dependent inhibition/contact inhibition

Answer 8

the idea that cells grow and divide until there is no more space left (cell membranes are touching other cell membranes) when all space is gone cells stop growing and dividing

Question 9

anchorage dependence

Answer 9

the idea that cells need something solid to attach to to grow

Question 10

tumor

Answer 10

mass of cells

Question 11

are all tumors cancerous

Answer 11

no

Question 12

what is this an example of ~~
when you get a wound cells at the edge of the wound divide rapidly

Answer 12

density dependent inhibition/contact inhibition

Question 13

Benign Tumor

Answer 13

harmless tumor; grows divides and stops. the edges are smooth

Question 14

are benign tumors cancerous

Answer 14

generally not

Question 15

malignant tumor

Answer 15

bad, cancerous tumor - rough around the edges - does not stop growing and dividing - interferes with the function of other cells

Question 16

metastasis

Answer 16

the process in which a part of the tumor breaks off, travels via blood stream to go to a different part of the body

Question 17

Do benign tumors metastisize

Answer 17

no

Question 18

How many causes for cancer are there (that we need to know)

Answer 18

2

Question 19

What are the causes of cancer

Answer 19

1) Mutations
2) Carcinogens

Question 20

What are carcinogens?

Answer 20

cancer causing agents

Question 21

What are some examples of carcinogens?

Answer 21

• UV Light (too much)
• Debris/Chemical/Pollution
• Smoking (Nicotine)
• Hot Dogs/BBQ Meat/Deli Meats

Question 22

Mutations

Answer 22

Incorrect order of bases in DNA

Question 23

How many treatments for cancer are there

Answer 23

3

Question 24

What are the three treatments of cancer?

Answer 24

1) Surgical removal
2) Radiation Therapy
3) Chemotherapy

Question 25

What is radiation therapy?

Answer 25

gamma rays used to kill cancerous cells with their high energy

Question 26

Chemotherapy

Answer 26

chemicals that target rapidly dividing cells - most commonly intravenous but sometimes oral

Question 27

Why do people who are treated with chemotherapy sometimes loss hair or have stomach pain

Answer 27

Bc hair follicles and the GI tract are also rapidly dividing

Question 28

Cell differentiation

Answer 28

the process of cells specialization - the ability to do everything going to the ability to do one specific thing

Question 29

regulatory proteins

Answer 29

regulators that tell the cell when to divide, duplicate its chromosomes, enter another phase of the cell cycle, etc.

Question 30

how many types of regulatory proteins are there

Answer 30

2

Question 31

What are the types of regulatory proteins

Answer 31

internal and external

Question 32

internal regulators

Answer 32

respond to events occurring inside a cell. Internal regulatory proteins allow the cell cycle to proceed only when certain events have occurred in the cell itself.

Question 33

example of internal regulator

Answer 33

cyclin

Question 34

How do cyclins work

Answer 34

1) They build from S phase to G2
2) Cyclins bond to CDK to form MPF
3) MPF allows mitosis to occur (G2 checkpoint)
4) Cdk breaks down cyclins after mitosis and after they detatch from mpf bc theyre not needed anymore + degrade (cyclin)

Question 35

CDK

Answer 35

cyclin dependent kinases (enzymes)

Question 36

MPF

Answer 36

maturation-promoting factor

Question 37

External regulators

Answer 37

Proteins that respond to events outside the cell

Question 38

What is one example of an external regulator

Answer 38

growth factors

Question 39

growth factors

Answer 39

stimulate the growth and division of cells.

Question 40

How do growth factors work

Answer 40

1) Growth Factor sends out signal
2) If a different cells has the proper receptor to accept the signal it picks it up and begins to divide

Question 41

Do growth factors pick up their own signals

Answer 41

yes

Question 42

What is an example of a mutation that coulf cause cancer

Answer 42

Proto-oncogenes → Oncogenes

Question 43

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 43

A gene involved in normal cell growth.

Question 44

Oncogene

Answer 44

a gene which in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell.

Question 45

Tumor-suppressor genes

Answer 45

regulates a cell during cell division and replication

Question 46

What is an example of a tumor suppressor gene

Answer 46

p-53

Question 47

P-53 gene

Answer 47

halts cell cycle until chromatin has been properly replicated.