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7303 Neuroanatomy > Week 1:2 > Flashcards

Week 1:2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 stages of development in utero

A
  • pre-embryonic
  • embryonic
  • fetal
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2
Q

pre-embryonic stage

A

conception to day 14

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3
Q

embryonic stage

A

day 15 to end of week 8

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4
Q

fetal stage

A

week 8 to birth

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5
Q

ectoderm becomes

A
  • neurons and skin

- gives rise to nervous system

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6
Q

endoderm becomes

A

some internal systems and linings of tracts

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7
Q

When must the neural tube close?

A

between days 14 and 28

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8
Q

What is taken to prevent spina bifida?

A

folic acid

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9
Q

When does the neural plate form?

A

day 16

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10
Q

When does the neural tube form?

A

day 18

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11
Q

What happens on day 21?

A
  • neural tube almost closed

- development of neural crest

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12
Q

How does the neural tube form?

A

top down

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13
Q

Where do the neural folds fuse?

A

at the cervical spinal cord

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14
Q

Day 24 significance

A
  • top closes

- development of primary vesicles

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15
Q

Day 28 significance

A

bottom closes

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16
Q

What do primary vesicles give rise to?

A

parts of the nervous system

  • prosencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • rhombencephalon
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17
Q

What does the prosencephalon give rise to by week 6?

A
  • telencephalon

- diencephalon

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18
Q

What does the telencephalon eventually become?

A
  • cerebral hemispheres

- lateral ventricles

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19
Q

What does the diencephalon eventually become?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • retina
  • third ventricle
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20
Q

What does the mesencephalon become?

A
  • midbrain

- cerebral aqueduct (aka fourth ventricle)

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21
Q

What is the midbrain part of?

A

brainstem

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22
Q

What does the rhombencephalon become by week 6?

A
  • metencephalon

- myelencephalon

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23
Q

What does the metencephalon become?

A
  • pons

- cerebellum

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24
Q

What does the myelencephalon become?

A

medulla

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25
Q

What do the metencephalon and the myelencephalon help to form?

A

fourth ventricle

26
Q

What occurs with failure of the neural tube to close?

A

morphogenesis

27
Q

failure of closure of ANTERIOR (rostral) neuropore

A

anencephaly

28
Q

anencephaly

A
  • large portions of scalp, cranial bones, and cerebral hemispheres are absent
  • most die in utero, virtually all by first postnatal week, very few survive
29
Q

failure of closure of POSTERIOR (caudal) neuropore

A

spina bifida

30
Q

two types of spina bifida

A
  • oculta

- cystica

31
Q

spina bifida oculta

A
  • virtually no clinical signs

- tuft of hair on lumbar region

32
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

herniation through the vertebral area

33
Q

2 forms of spina bifida cystica

A
  • spina bifida with meningocele

- spina bifida with myelomeningocele

34
Q

spina bifida with meningocele

A
  • herniation of the meninges, but no neural structures through the vertebral defect
  • may be without symptoms
35
Q

spina bifida with myelomeningocele

A

protrusion of both the spinal cord and meninges

36
Q

symptoms of spina bifida with myelomeningocele

A
  • saddle anaesthesia
  • paralysis of bladder and bowel sphincters
  • paralysis of lower limbs
37
Q

When is the CNS the most susceptible to major malformations?

A

between day 14 and week 20

38
Q

implications of developmental disorders

A
  • growth and remodeling continue, but later insults can cause functional disturbances and/or minor malformation
39
Q

hydrocephalus

A
  • excessive buildup of CSF

- compression of brain and expansion of skull due to increased intracranial pressure

40
Q

What might cause excessive buildup of CSF?

A
  • blockage of foramen

- primary condition or secondary to other disease

41
Q

treatment of hydrocephalus

A

drained by surgically implanted shunts

42
Q

cerebral palsy

A

non-progressive motor disorder of prenatal, during childbirth, or shortly after birth

43
Q

What are more cases of cerebral palsy due to?

A

stroke or anoxia from complications of pregnancy (infection, poor nutrition, late pregnancy, prematurity)

44
Q

How is cerebral palsy classified?

A

by motor dysfunction (even if with problems of sensation, cognition, or language

45
Q

types of cerebral palsy

A
  • spastic
  • dyskinetic
  • ataxic
46
Q

part of brain involved: spastic

A

cerebral cortex

47
Q

part of brain involved: dyskinetic

A

basal ganglia

48
Q

part of brain involved: ataxic

A

cerebellum

49
Q

How is spastic CP classified?

A

by the extent of impairment

50
Q

types of spastic CP

A
  • hemiplegic
  • diplegic
  • quadriplegic
51
Q

hemiplegic spastic CP

A

one side affected

52
Q

diplegic spastic CP

A

both LE affected

53
Q

quadriplegic spastic CP

A

all limbs affected

54
Q

focus of treatment for CP

A
  • improving functional abilities
  • reducing impairments

PT: stretching to improve ROM, prevent contractures, developing WB

MD: reducing spasticity with drugs or surgery

55
Q

What does the notochord do?

A

helps form the vertebral column

56
Q

What do somites form?

A

most of the skull, spinal column, and supporting structures (surrounding skeletal muscles, segmentation of spinal cord)

57
Q

spina bifida correction

A

correctible with surgery, but spina bifida with myelomeningocele may have motor delays

58
Q

What does cerebral palsy largely affect?

A

motor cortex

59
Q

spasticity

A

continued contraction of muscles

60
Q

dyskinetic

A

problems with voluntary movement and motor planning

61
Q

What are contractures caused by in people with cerebral palsy?

A

spasticity

7303 Neuroanatomy (69 decks)

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