- neurons and skin - gives rise to nervous system

- top closes - development of primary vesicles

Week 1:2 Flashcards by Suzanne Maggioni

3 stages of development in utero

pre-embryonic
embryonic
fetal

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pre-embryonic stage

conception to day 14

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embryonic stage

day 15 to end of week 8

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fetal stage

week 8 to birth

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ectoderm becomes

neurons and skin

- gives rise to nervous system

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endoderm becomes

some internal systems and linings of tracts

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When must the neural tube close?

between days 14 and 28

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What is taken to prevent spina bifida?

folic acid

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When does the neural plate form?

day 16

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When does the neural tube form?

day 18

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What happens on day 21?

neural tube almost closed

- development of neural crest

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How does the neural tube form?

top down

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Where do the neural folds fuse?

at the cervical spinal cord

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Day 24 significance

top closes

- development of primary vesicles

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Day 28 significance

bottom closes

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What do primary vesicles give rise to?

parts of the nervous system

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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What does the prosencephalon give rise to by week 6?

telencephalon

- diencephalon

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What does the telencephalon eventually become?

cerebral hemispheres

- lateral ventricles

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What does the diencephalon eventually become?

thalamus
hypothalamus
retina
third ventricle

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What does the mesencephalon become?

midbrain

- cerebral aqueduct (aka fourth ventricle)

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What is the midbrain part of?

brainstem

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What does the rhombencephalon become by week 6?

metencephalon

- myelencephalon

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What does the metencephalon become?

pons

- cerebellum

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What does the myelencephalon become?

medulla

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What do the metencephalon and the myelencephalon help to form?

fourth ventricle

What occurs with failure of the neural tube to close?

morphogenesis

failure of closure of ANTERIOR (rostral) neuropore

anencephaly

- large portions of scalp, cranial bones, and cerebral hemispheres are absent - most die in utero, virtually all by first postnatal week, very few survive

failure of closure of POSTERIOR (caudal) neuropore

spina bifida

two types of spina bifida

- oculta | - cystica

spina bifida oculta

- virtually no clinical signs | - tuft of hair on lumbar region

spina bifida cystica

herniation through the vertebral area

2 forms of spina bifida cystica

- spina bifida with meningocele | - spina bifida with myelomeningocele

spina bifida with meningocele

- herniation of the meninges, but no neural structures through the vertebral defect - may be without symptoms

spina bifida with myelomeningocele

protrusion of both the spinal cord and meninges

symptoms of spina bifida with myelomeningocele

- saddle anaesthesia - paralysis of bladder and bowel sphincters - paralysis of lower limbs

When is the CNS the most susceptible to major malformations?

between day 14 and week 20

implications of developmental disorders

- growth and remodeling continue, but later insults can cause functional disturbances and/or minor malformation

hydrocephalus

- excessive buildup of CSF | - compression of brain and expansion of skull due to increased intracranial pressure

What might cause excessive buildup of CSF?

- blockage of foramen | - primary condition or secondary to other disease

treatment of hydrocephalus

drained by surgically implanted shunts

cerebral palsy

non-progressive motor disorder of prenatal, during childbirth, or shortly after birth

What are more cases of cerebral palsy due to?

stroke or anoxia from complications of pregnancy (infection, poor nutrition, late pregnancy, prematurity)

How is cerebral palsy classified?

by motor dysfunction (even if with problems of sensation, cognition, or language

types of cerebral palsy

- spastic - dyskinetic - ataxic

part of brain involved: spastic

cerebral cortex

part of brain involved: dyskinetic

basal ganglia

part of brain involved: ataxic

cerebellum

How is spastic CP classified?

by the extent of impairment

types of spastic CP

- hemiplegic - diplegic - quadriplegic

hemiplegic spastic CP

one side affected

diplegic spastic CP

both LE affected

quadriplegic spastic CP

all limbs affected

focus of treatment for CP

- improving functional abilities - reducing impairments PT: stretching to improve ROM, prevent contractures, developing WB MD: reducing spasticity with drugs or surgery

What does the notochord do?

helps form the vertebral column

What do somites form?

most of the skull, spinal column, and supporting structures (surrounding skeletal muscles, segmentation of spinal cord)

spina bifida correction

correctible with surgery, but spina bifida with myelomeningocele may have motor delays

What does cerebral palsy largely affect?

motor cortex

spasticity

continued contraction of muscles

dyskinetic

problems with voluntary movement and motor planning

What are contractures caused by in people with cerebral palsy?

spasticity