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7303 Neuroanatomy > CH16 Brainstem Tracts 1 > Flashcards

CH16 Brainstem Tracts 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What types of vertical tracts are in the brainstem?

A
  • sensory
  • autonomic
  • motor
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2
Q

vertical tracts: synapses or no?

A
  • Some tracts continue through the brainstem without alteration
  • Brainstem acts as a conduit
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3
Q

The brainstem is divided longitudinally into two sections:

A
  • basilar

- tegmentum

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4
Q

Describe and name the additional longitudinal brainstem section (aside from the basilar and tegmentum)

Where is it?

A

TECTUM

  • in the midbrain
  • posterior to the tegmentum
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5
Q

The tectum includes structures involved in reflexive control of:

A
  • intrinsic and extrinsic eye muscles

- movements in the head

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6
Q

important parts of the tectum

A
  • pretectal area
  • superior and inferior colliculi

(I think?)

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7
Q

Where is the basilar section of the brainstem? What does it primarily contain?

A
  • anterior

- mostly motor

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8
Q

Which motor structures does the basilar section contain?

A
  • descending axons from cerebral cortex
  • motor nuclei
  • pontocerebellar axons
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9
Q

Which descending tracts are in the basilar section?

A
  • CST
  • corticobulbar
  • corticopontine
  • corticoreticular
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10
Q

Which motor nuclei are in the basilar section?

A
  • SN
  • pontine nuclei
  • inferior olivary nucleus
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11
Q

What is included in the reticular formation?

A

complex network

  • reticular nuclei (and their connections)
  • ascending/descending reticular pathways
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12
Q

What does the reticular formation do?

A
  • Integrates sensory and cortical information
  • Regulates somatic motor activity, autonomic function, and consciousness.
  • Modulates nociceptive (pain) information.
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13
Q

What are the major reticular nuclei?

A
  • ventral tegmental area (VTA)
  • pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)
  • raphe nuclei
  • locus ceruleus & medial reticular area
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14
Q

Most neurons that produce dopamine are located here

A

midbrain

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15
Q

What are the two production areas of dopamine in the midbrain?

A
  • VTA (part of reticular formation)

- SNpc

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16
Q

What happens when the VTA is activated?

A

produces feelings of pleasure and reward

17
Q

What nucleus does the VTA affect?

A

nucleus accumbens

18
Q

Why is morphine habit forming?

A

inhibits inhibitory inputs to the VTA

19
Q

Where is the PPN located?

A

caudal midbrain

20
Q

Where do ascending axons from the PPN project?

A
  • to the inferior part of the frontal cerebral cortex

- intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus

21
Q

Through which connections does the PPN influence movement?

A
  • Globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus
  • Limbic system
  • Reticular areas that give rise to reticulospinal tracts
22
Q

What NT (NM) does the VTA use?

A

dopamine

23
Q

What NT (NM) does the PPN use?

A

acetylcholine

24
Q

What NT (NM) do the raphe nuclei use?

A

serotonin

25
Q

What NT (NM) does the locus ceruleus and medial reticular zone use?

A

norepinephrine (sometimes epi)

26
Q

What does the ARAS regulate?

A

consciousness

27
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of self and surroundings

28
Q

What is the consciousness system?

A

governs alertness, sleep, and attention

29
Q

What are the brainstem components of consciousness?

A
  • reticular formation

- ARA

30
Q

external medulla: What are the vertical bulges?

A

pyramids

31
Q

Lateral to the pyramids are two small oval lumps, called

A

olives

32
Q

Where does CN XII connect to the medulla?

A

between the pyramid and the olive

33
Q

What does the inferior half of the medulla contain (canal)?

A

central canal that is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

34
Q

anterior component of inferior medulla

A

descending axons of CST (form the pyramids)

35
Q

What major nerve structures are found in the lower medulla?

A

cranial nerve structures

36
Q

What happens to the central canal in the upper medulla?

A

widens to form part of the 4th ventricle

37
Q

Positions of tracts in the rostral medulla compared to the caudal medulla

A

maintain approximately the same positions except that the medial longitudinal fasciculus is located more posteriorly

38
Q

Where are most CN nuclei found in the rostral medulla?

A

clustered in the dorsal section

39
Q

What functions does the medulla contribute to?

A
  • controlling eye and head movements
  • coordinating swallowing
  • regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, and visceral activity

7303 Neuroanatomy (69 decks)

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