Exam 2 Study Guide 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Demarcation between PNS and CNS

A

CNS: encased in bone
PNS: not in bone

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2
Q

How are peripheral nerves constructed?

A

parallel bundles of axons surrounded by 3 sheaths

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3
Q

3 sheaths

A
  • endoneurium
  • perinerium
  • epineurium

*mesoneurium outside of that

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4
Q

What supplies blood to the peripheral nerves?

A

Arterial branches that enter the nerve trunk

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5
Q

What structures are supplied by peripheral nerves?

A
  • visceral

- somatic structures

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6
Q

somatic peripheral nerves

A

usually mixed, consisting of sensory, autonomic, and motor axons

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7
Q

cutaneous branches of peripheral nerves supply

A
  • skin

- subcutaneous tissues

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8
Q

muscular branches of peripheral nerves supply

A
  • muscles
  • tendons
  • joints
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9
Q

4 nerve plexuses

A
  • cervical
  • brachial
  • lumbar
  • sacral
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10
Q

movement and nerve health

A

promotes flow of blood through nerves and axoplasm

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11
Q

nerve movements and sheaths

A
  • fascicles glide within the nerves

- nerves glide along with other structures

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12
Q

myopathy

A

disorder intrinsic to muscles

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13
Q

What remains intact with myopathies?

A
  • sensation

- autonomic function

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14
Q

When is coordination, muscle tone, and reflexes affected with a myopathy?

A

only when atrophy is so severe that muscle activity can’t be elicited

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15
Q

pins and needles sensations increase with

A

severity of neuropathy

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16
Q

signs of damage from neuropathy result from

A

hypoactivity or hyperactivity of neurons

17
Q

When does severance occur?

A

when nerves are physically divided by excessive stretching or a laceration
- axons completely interrupted

18
Q

What happens immediately with severance injury?

A
  • loss of sensation
  • muscle paralysis

in area supplied

19
Q

When would severance result in regrowth/repair?

A
  • if proximal and distal nerve stumps are apposed and

- scarring doesn’t interfere

20
Q

focal compression of a peripheral nerve causes

A

traumatic myelinopathy

21
Q

repeated mechanical stimuli may cause

A

focal compression

22
Q

Where does collateral sprouting occur for repair of nerve injury?

A

proximal stump

23
Q

What must be the case for regeneration to occur?

A

PNS only

cell body must be intact

24
Q

What do Schwann cells do for regeneration?

A
  • myelinate axons
  • secrete chaemotactic factors that promote growth and axon guidance
  • secrete neurotrophic factors
25
Q

axon rate of regrowth

A

1-2 mm per day

26
Q

What happens if the NMJ fails to function?

A
  • no depolarization occurs
  • weakness
  • atrophy
27
Q

MG

A
  • affects NMJ
  • damages ACH receptors
  • repeated use of a muscle leads to weakness
28
Q

botulism poisoning causes interference with

A

release of ACH from motor axons

29
Q

botulism poisoning causes:

A
  • acute progressive weakness
  • loss of stretch reflex
  • sensation remains intact
30
Q

some types of peripheral nerve damages

A
  • sensory changes
  • autonomic changes
  • motor changes
  • trophic changes
31
Q

types of sensory changes in response to peripheral nerve damage

A
  • allodynia
  • dysesthesia
  • paresthesia
  • hyperalgesia
32
Q

3 types of peripheral neuropathy

A
  • mononeuropathy
  • multiple mononeuropathy
  • polyneuropathy
33
Q

types of traumatic mononeuropathies

A
  • axonopathy
  • myelinopathy
  • severance
34
Q

neuropathy vs. myopathy

A

neuropathy: disorders dealing with damage to axon, myeline sheath, or both
myopathy: disorder intrinsic to muscles themselves

35
Q

What is a muscular dystrophy? (general)

A

progressive weakening and wasting of muscle