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7303 Neuroanatomy > Ch9 ANS 1 > Flashcards

Ch9 ANS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

receptors of the ANS

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • nociceptors
  • thermoreceptors
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2
Q

mechanoreceptors respond to

A
  • pressure

- stretch

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3
Q

chemoreceptors respond to

A

chemical concentrations in the blood

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4
Q

nociceptors respond to

A
  • stretch

- ischemia

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5
Q

different types of thermoreceptors in:

A
  • hypothalamus

- skin

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6
Q

hypothalamus thermoreceptors respond to

A

very small changes in the temp of circulating blood

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7
Q

cutaneous thermoreceptors respond to

A

external temperature changes

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8
Q

visceral afferents synapse with

A
  • visceral afferents in the spinal cord

- neurons that ascend to regions of the brainstem, hypothalamus, and thalamus

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9
Q

visceral nociceptive afferents synapse with

A
  • somatosensory nociceptive afferents

- somatic efferents

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10
Q

visceral nociceptive afferents synapsing with somatosensory nociceptive efferents cause

A

referred pain

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11
Q

visceral nociceptive afferents synapsing with somatic efferents produce

A

muscle guarding

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12
Q

autonomic functions controlled in the medulla

A
  • heart rate
  • respiration
  • vasoconstriction/vasodilation
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13
Q

How does the medulla regulate autonomic functions?

A
  • signals to autonomic efferents in spinal cord

- signals conveyed by vagus nerve

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14
Q

autonomic functions controlled in the pons

A

regulation of respiration

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15
Q

How are the autonomic functions of the brainstem controlled?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • thalamus
  • limbic system
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16
Q

What does the hypothalamus influence?

A
  • cardiorespiratory
  • metabolic
  • water reabsorption
  • digestive activity
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17
Q

How does the hypothalamus exert influence?

A

acts on

  • pituitary gland
  • control centers in brainstem
  • spinal cord
18
Q

How does the hypothalamus use visceral information?

A

maintains equilibrium in the body

19
Q

Where is the majority of the visceral information conveyed?

A

limbic system

20
Q

What is the role of the thalamus in the processing of visceral information?

A
  • projects to the limbic system
21
Q

limbic system

A
  • in cerebrum

- involved in emotion, mood, motivation

22
Q

autonomic responses of the limbic system

A
  • activated areas produce responses

- increased HR due to anxiety, blushing, crying, etc.

23
Q

classifications of autonomic efferents

A
  • sympathetic

- parasympathetic

24
Q

How many neurons in the pathway that connects the CNS to the autonomic effectors?

A

2

25
Q

Where do the two neurons between CNS/efferents synapse?

A

peripheral ganglion

26
Q

preganglionic neuron

A

extends from CNS to ganglion

27
Q

postganglionic neuron

A

connects ganglion with effector organ

28
Q

differences between somatic and autonomic system

A
  • unconscious regulation due to hormones
  • internal organs function independent of CNS input
  • number of neurons
29
Q

somatic pathways have __ neurons

A

1

30
Q

autonomic pathways use ___ neurons

A

2: synapse outside the CNS

31
Q

How is all CNS output delivered?

A

somatic or autonomic efferents

32
Q

somatic efferents innervate

A
  • only skeletal muscle

- frequently voluntary

33
Q

autonomic efferents innervate

A
  • all other body parts (other than muscle) that are innervated
34
Q

autonomic neurons secrete these neurotransmitters

A
  • acetylcholine (cholinergic)
  • norepinephrine (adrenergic)
  • epinephrine (adrenergic)
35
Q

Which ANS neurons secrete acetylcholine?

A
  • all ANS preganglionic neurons

- postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic system

36
Q

What do the effects of a NT depend upon?

A

type of receptors activated by the NT

37
Q

2 groups of cholinergic receptors

A
  • muscarine (poison derived from mushrooms)

- nicotine (derived from tobacco)

38
Q

How does nicotine work?

A

activates ACH receptors on skeletal muscle membrane and in limbic areas of the brain

  • limbic system causes alertness/arousal » addiction
  • improves performance on tasks that require careful, intense attention
39
Q

NT released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

A

norepinephrine

40
Q

Which part of the brain releases epi and norepi directly into the blood?

A

medulla

41
Q

What are receptors called that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

adrenergic receptors

42
Q

two groups of adrenergic receptors

A

α and β

7303 Neuroanatomy (69 decks)

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