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7303 Neuroanatomy > 2.1 Lecture notes > Flashcards

2.1 Lecture notes Flashcards

1
Q

two possible pathways for afferents

A
  • spinal cord (via dorsal roots)

- solitary nucleus (via cranial nerve)

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2
Q

Where does referred pain come from?

A
  • nociception from the viscera joins nociceptive axons and go to the somatosensory cortex
  • all axons traveling together in the same group
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3
Q

Where does muscle guarding come from?

A

when somatic efferents join autonomic efferents

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4
Q

What parts of the brain make the decision on what to do with afferent information that’s received?

A

pons

medulla

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5
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in taste?

A

VII
IX
X

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6
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with abdominal and thoracic viscera

A

IX

X

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7
Q

Where is the solitary nucleus located?

A

medulla

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8
Q

Where does the adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine?

A

directly into the bloodstream

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9
Q

targets for sympathetic

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • bronchi
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10
Q

nicotinic receptors: where did the name come from?

A
  • nicotine can bind and competitively inhibit ACh from binding
  • activates the receptors
  • sensitive to nicotine
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11
Q

Nicotinic receptors are always ______

A

ionotropic

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12
Q

sympathetic: What levels are the preganglionic nuclei in?

A

T1-L2

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13
Q

What are the levels in the parasympathetic system?

A
  • cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X

- S2-S4

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14
Q

parasympathetic: preganglionic neuron releases

A

ACh (nicotinic, fast)

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15
Q

parasympathetic: postganglionic neuron releases

A

ACh (muscarinic, g-protein, slow)

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16
Q

targets for parasympathetic

A
  • glands
  • smooth muscle
  • heart
  • bronchioles
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17
Q

What happens when nicotine binds to receptors?

A
  • fast effect

- feeling of alertness and calmness

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18
Q

Why is it so difficult for people to quit smoking?

A
  • difficult for ACh to do its job
  • don’t get continued stimulation of reward pathway
  • nicotine also changes the shape of the synapse
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19
Q

What sort of effects are seen with muscarinic receptors?

A

slow responses (i.e. peristalsis, slowing down the system)

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20
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A
  • where some of the preganglionic neurons synapse

- don’t have to

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21
Q

To get to the face and arteries of the upper limb, where must sympathetic fibers run?

A

through cervical paravertebral ganglia

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22
Q

sympathetic T5-T12 supplies

A

abdominal and viscera

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23
Q

sympathetic T1-T4 supplies

A

heart and lungs

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24
Q

sympathetic L1-L2 supplies

A

bowel, bladder, genitals, LE

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25
Q

sympathetic preganglionic axons

A

short

26
Q

sympathetic postganglionic axons

A

long

27
Q

Where do the cervical ganglia come from?

A

T1

28
Q

All sympathetic signals come from HERE

A
  • pons

- medulla

29
Q

body temperature regulation starts here

A

adrenal medulla

30
Q

main function of adrenal medulla

A

release epinephrine (can also release norepinephrine)

31
Q

What can epinephrine do?

A
  • increase metabolism

- activate alpha adrenergic receptors

32
Q

What can norepinephrine do?

A
  • activate alpha adrenergic receptors
33
Q

What happens when alpha adrenergic receptors are activated?

A
  • increase blood flow to skin
  • change in radiation of heat
  • erection of hair cells
  • activation of sweat glands
34
Q

What are the skeletal muscle blood vessels called?

A

capacitance vessels

35
Q

At rest, what is happening with respect to blood flow in the muscles?

A

blood pools in the capacitance vessels at rest

36
Q

How does the sympathetic system regulate blood flow?

A
  • norepinephrine activates alpha adrenergic receptors
  • causes vasoconstriction
  • blood flows to brain
37
Q

What does norepinephrine activate to regulate the viscera?

A

either

  • beta 1 adrenergic
  • beta 2 adrenergic
38
Q

beta 1 adrenergic

A

increases HR + contraction force

39
Q

beta 2 adrenergic

A

dilates bronchioles

40
Q

What do alpha blockers do?

A

decrease HBP

- block vasoconstriction

41
Q

What will a patient on alpha blockers also likely be taking and why?

A
  • blood thinner

- don’t want blood to pool

42
Q

beta 1 blocker

A

decreases HR and contraction force

43
Q

beta 2 agonist

A

decreases asthma symptoms

44
Q

What effects does epinephrine have on the body?

A
  • increases blood glucose levels
  • increases release of norepinephrine
  • supercharges metabolism
45
Q

What does stress cause the release of?

A

release of

  • epinephrine (and norepinephrine)
  • cortisol
46
Q

Why is cortisol a potential problem?

A
  • can feed back and cause additional release of epi/norepi
  • random eating habits
  • exhaustion
47
Q

sympathetic efferents in the head

A

pretty much the same as the body

  • pupils dilate
  • eyelids open
  • decreased salivary output
48
Q

sympathetic effects on blood flow to the gut

A

decreases (that’s why the stomach might hurt)

49
Q

What muscle type is responsible for eyelids opening in response to sympathetic activation?

A

smooth muscle

50
Q

parasympathetic efferents come from

A
  • cranial nerve III, VII, IX, X

- sacral S2-S4

51
Q

parasympathetic: preganglionic neuron is

A

very long

52
Q

parasympathetic: postganglionic neuron is

A
  • very short

- sometimes right on the target organ

53
Q

Where do S2-S4 preganglionic neurons travel?

A

along pelvic splanchnic nerves

54
Q

CN III

A

pupil constriction

55
Q

CN VII

A

acts on lacrimal glands

56
Q

CN VII and IX

A

work together to act on salivary glands

57
Q

CN X

A
  • decreases HR
  • decreases peristalsis
  • decreases contraction force of heart
  • constrict bronchi
58
Q

Of the cranial nerve efferents, about 75% go through this nerve

A

vagus

59
Q

How is regulation of HR achieved with sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A
  • parasympathetic: works through vagus nerve

- sympathetic: works through spinal cord

60
Q

afferents from the heart

A
  • projects to and receives efferents from both sympathetic and parasympathetic
  • DIRECT innervation of the heart from both

7303 Neuroanatomy (69 decks)

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