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7303 Neuroanatomy > 2.9 Study Guide > Flashcards

2.9 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the neural plate?

A

longitudinal thickening of ectoderm

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2
Q

What happens after day 24 during embryonic development?

A
  • more folds forming

- ½ million neurons per minute

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3
Q

When does brain formation begin?

A

day 28

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4
Q

What is spina bifida with myelomeningocele almost always associated with?

A

Arnold Chiari Type II

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5
Q

In addition to motor problems, what other problems may present with cerebral palsy?

A
  • sensation
  • cognition
  • language
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6
Q

Arnold Chiari malformation may compress this nerve

A

CN VIII

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7
Q

microcephaly

A
  • small head
  • developmental issues
  • treat the symptoms
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8
Q

dentate ligaments

A
  • go through arachnoid mater to dura mater

- stabilize spinal cord

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9
Q

functions of astrocytes

A
  • cell signaling
  • helps form blood brain barrier
  • remove NT from synaptic clefts
  • clean up debris
  • regulation connect neurons and capillaries
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10
Q

pseudounipolar neurons

A
  • 2 axons
  • no true dendrites
  • bring info from the body into the spinal cord
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11
Q

EPSP

A
  • NT binds to postsynaptic membrane receptor that opens
  • positive ions (Na+ and Ca2+) flow in
  • membrane depolarized

**summation of EPSPs can fire an AP

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12
Q

IPSP

A
  • NT binds to postsynaptic membrane receptor
  • negative ion channels open (Cl-)
  • membrane hyperpolarized

**inhibits AP when summated

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13
Q

local potentials

A
  • EPSP and IPSP summated to see if an AP will fire
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14
Q

type of receptor: direct activation, fast

A

ionotropic

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15
Q

type of receptor: indirect activation, slower, affects gene expression and metabolism

A

metabotropic

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16
Q

ACh in PNS (fast and slow effects)

A
  • fast: muscle

- slow: HR and other autonomic functions

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17
Q

ACh in CNS (slow)

A

neuromodulation involved in control of movement and selection of attention

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18
Q

primarily inhibits in the brainstem and spinal cord

A

glycine

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19
Q

principle fast excitatory NT of CNS

A

glutamate

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20
Q

primarily acts at interneurons within spinal cord as an inhibitor

A

GABA

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21
Q

acts on pleasure and reward centers

A

dopamine

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22
Q

affects mood and perception of pain

A

serotonin

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23
Q

strongly implicated as a neuromodulator in pathophysiology of pain syndromes that involve perception of normally innocuous stimuli as painful

A

substance P

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24
Q

how to see lesions in white matter

A

MRI

25
Q

CNS demyelination

A

multiple sclerosis

26
Q

PNS demyelination

A

Guillain-Barré

27
Q

Why is MS hard to diagnose?

A

usu manifests with one sign that may completely resolve

28
Q

What does lead mimic during neurotransmission?

A

mimics Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu

29
Q

How does lead affect neurotransmission?

A

irreversibly connects so the other ions can’t

30
Q

What therapy is used for lead poisoning?

A

chelation therapy

  • can remove lead from the body
  • not successful in children
31
Q

What are the axon types?

A 
Ia
Ib
II
A-beta
A-delta
C fibers
32
Q

first step in fast pain pathway

A

initial, immediate sharp sensation that indicates location of the injury

33
Q

In the fast pain pathway, which laminae are the cell bodies of the second order neurons found?

A

I, II, V of dorsal horn

34
Q

Where do most neurons end in the thalamus?

A

VPL

35
Q

What results from a lesion in the VPL of the thalamus?

A
  • interrupts pathway to cortex

- inability to localize painful stimuli despite feeling affective (emotional) aspects of pain

36
Q

example of slow pain

A

if you break a bone in your hand, it feels like your whole hand hurts

37
Q

nerve fiber type in slow pain pathway

A

small, unmyelinated C fiber

38
Q

lamina I

A

marginal layer

39
Q

lamina II

A

substantia gelatinosa

40
Q

NT for slow pain pathway

A

substance P

41
Q

divergent pathway

A

slow pain

42
Q

In the anterior spinothalamic tract, which is the only tract perceived as pain?

A

spinolimbic

43
Q

Where is the reticular formation?

A

brainstem

44
Q

Where do axons go from the reticular formation?

A

project to midline and intralaminar nuclei of the nucleus

45
Q

spinolimbic pathway: small or large receptive fields?

A

large

46
Q

VPL

A

ventral posterolateral nucleus

47
Q

How are fast and slow pain transmitted from the face?

A

sensory portion of the trigeminal nerve joints with the fast or slow pain pathway

48
Q

steps of fast pain from the face

A
  • 1˚ fibers enter pons
  • travel down into medulla and upper cervical cord in descending tract of trigeminal nerve
  • synapse in spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
  • 2˚ fibers cross and ascend to VPL of thalamus
  • 3˚ fibers project to cerebral cortex
49
Q

steps of slow pain from the face

A

trigeinoreticulolimbic pathway

  • 1˚ fibers are C-fibers in trigeminal nerve
  • synapse in reticular formation
  • neurons project to intralaminar nuclei to the cerebral cortex
50
Q

What neuronal subtype is the primary somatosensory neuron?

A

pseudounipolar

51
Q

ANS: mechanoreceptors for pressure

A
  • aortic baroreceptors
  • carotid sinuses
  • lungs
52
Q

ANS: mechanoreceptors for stretch

A

distention in veins, bladder, or intestines

53
Q

ANS: chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies

A

respond to oxygen

54
Q

ANS: chemoreceptors in medulla

A

responds to hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide

55
Q

ANS: chemoreceptors in hypothalamus

A

responds to blood glucose levels and concentration of electrolytes

56
Q

ANS: nociceptive responses found in

A
  • viscera

- walls of arteries

57
Q

visceral nociceptors are responsive to

A

chemical irritation

58
Q

controls pituitary

A

hypothalamus

7303 Neuroanatomy (69 decks)

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