2.25 Motor SC 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sarcomere

A

contractile units of muscle

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2
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

Chemical synapse between the axon terminal of an alpha motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber

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3
Q

sarcolemma

A

membrane of muscle cell

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4
Q

What is released from presynaptic terminals at the NMJ?

A

ACh

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5
Q

EPP

A

excitatory endplate potential

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6
Q

excitatory endplate potential (EPP)

A
  • sets off a chain of events that leads to muscle contraction
  • ACh released into invaginations in sarcolemma (motor end plate)
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7
Q

7 steps from AP propagation of axon to AP on muscle cell

A
  1. AP travels to axon terminal
  2. voltage gated Ca2+ channels open, Ca2+ diffuses into terminal
  3. synaptic vesicles release ACh
  4. ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to receptors (ligand gated)
  5. ligand gated channels open
  6. Na+ enters fiber, K+ leaves » depolarization
  7. membrane potential reaches threshold and an AP propagates along sarcolemma
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8
Q

When does neurotransmission stop?

A

when ACh is removed from synaptic cleft

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9
Q

How might ACh be removed from synaptic cleft?

A
  • diffuses away from synapse

- broken down by acetylcholinesterase to acetic acid and choline

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10
Q

What happens to choline after ACh is broken down?

A

transferred to axon terminal for resynthesis of ACh

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11
Q

excitation-contraction coupling

A

conversion of AP into a contraction

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12
Q

Where does the AP go once it reaches the sarcolemma?

A

transverse tubules conduct AP to interior of muscle fiber

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13
Q

t-tubules

A
  • regularly spaced infoldings of sarcolemma

- make contact with sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

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14
Q

terminal cisternae

A

formed by SR, helps for triad

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15
Q

triad

A
  • 1 portion of a t-tubule + 2 terminal cisternae = triad

- linked by series of proteins that control Ca2+ release

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16
Q

What happens to the AP once it reaches the t-tubule?

A
  • opens voltage gated Ca2+ channel in triad
  • allows Ca2+ ions to flood sarcoplasm
  • rapid influx of Ca2+ triggers contraction
17
Q

sarcomere

A

functional unit of contraction

18
Q

contraction initiation

A

initiated when Ca2+ released from SR bind to troponin

  • troponin changes shape
  • tropomyosin moves out of the way and allows troponin to bind
  • ATP binds to myosin head and activates
19
Q

4 phases of crossbridge cycle

A
  • cross bridge formation
  • power stroke
  • cross bridge detachment
  • reactivation of myosin head
20
Q

power stroke

A

myosin head pivots, sliding actin toward center of sarcomere

21
Q

cross bridge detachment caused by

A

ATP binding to myosin head

22
Q

reactivation of myosin head

A

returns to cocked position

23
Q

When does the contraction cycle end?

A

when Ca2+ ions actively transported back to SR

24
Q

What happens to troponin and tropomyosin once contraction cycle ends?

A
  • troponin returns to original shape

- allows tropomyosin to cover myosin binding site on actin

25
Q

When can sarcomeres disappear and reappear?

A

when healthy innervated muscle is immobilized

26
Q

LMN cell bodies

A

cell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord ALWAYS

27
Q

2 types of LMN

A
  • alpha LMN

- gamma LMN

28
Q

alpha LMN innervates

A

extrafusal fibers (contractile portion of muscle)

29
Q

gamma LMN innervates

A

intrafusal fibers

30
Q

coactivation of alpha and gamma fibers

A

coactivated to maintain stretch on intrafusal fibers while extrafusal fibers contract

31
Q

motor unit

A

a single alpha motor neuron (LMN) and the group of muscle fibers it innervates

32
Q

motor unit action potentials

A

electrically recorded intramuscular potentials (needle electrode)

33
Q

characteristics of motor unit AP

A
  • no activity when at rest
  • normally biphasic or triphasic recording when voluntary recruitment of muscle
  • maximal recruitment produces “interference pattern”
  • changes can be seen with various peripheral or central disease
34
Q

damage to LMN cell body or axon characterized by

A
  • hyporeflexia
  • hypotonia
  • paralysis or paresis
  • atrophy
  • denervation pattern of EMG
35
Q

denervation pattern of EMG

A
  • spontaneous EMG activity at rest

- abn MUAPs

36
Q

spontaneous EMG activity at rest

A
  • fibrillations (fibs)

- positive sharp waves (PSWs)