2.6 Lundy Ch. 3 (2)

Question 1

ACh is the primary conveyer of information in the (CNS/PNS)

Answer 1

PNS

Question 2

acetylcholine: fast acting effects in the PNS

Answer 2

effects on skeletal muscle membranes

Question 3

acetylcholine: slow acting effects in the PNS

Answer 3

regulation of HR and other autonomic functions

Question 4

In the CNS, ACh is produced by neurons in the

Answer 4

• basal forebrain

- midbrain

Question 5

Slow action and neuromodulation by ACh in the CNS are involved in:

Answer 5

• control of movement

- selection of objects of attention

Question 6

What is the principle fast excitatory transmitter of the CNS?

Answer 6

glutamate

Question 7

What is glutamate involved in?

Answer 7

elicits neural changes that occur with learning and development

Question 8

How is glutamate involved when the CNS has been damaged?

Answer 8

may contribute to neuron death

Question 9

glycine and GABA are (activators/inhibitors)

Answer 9

inhibitors

Question 10

major inhibitory NT in the CNS

Answer 10

GABA

Question 11

GABA often acts here

Answer 11

interneurons in the spinal cord

Question 12

glycine inhibits

Answer 12

postsynaptic membranes, primarily in

• brainstem
• spinal cord

Question 13

glycine/GABA prevent

Answer 13

excessive neural activity

Question 14

low levels of glycine/GABA may cause

Answer 14

• seizures
• anxiety
• unwanted muscle contractions

Question 15

Where is dopamine produced?

Answer 15

neurons in substantia nigra and midbrain

Question 16

What does dopamine affect?

Answer 16

• motor activity
• cognition
• behavior

*reward and pleasure

Question 17

signaling pathways that use dopamine are involved in these conditions

Answer 17

• Schizophrenia

- Parkinson’s

Question 18

What do Schizophrenia and Parkinson’s drugs do?

Answer 18

• prevent dopamine from binding (decrease hallucinations, delusions, etc)
• may result in spasms

Question 19

cocaine’s effect on dopamine reuptake

Answer 19

• prevents reuptake
• prolongs dopamine activity
• produces euphoria and “stereotypical” coked out behavior

Question 20

norepinephrine is also called

Answer 20

noradrenaline

Question 21

high levels of NE are associated with

Answer 21

vigilance

Question 22

lowest levels of NE present during

Answer 22

sleep

Question 23

NE in the PNS

Answer 23

• secreted by adrenal gland

- released by neurons in ANS

Question 24

NE in CNS produced here

Answer 24

• brainstem nuclei
• thalamus
• hypothalamus

Question 25

high levels of NE are associated with these problems

Answer 25

- panic disorder | - PRSD

Question 26

NE acts on these regions of the brain

Answer 26

- cortical | - limbic

Question 27

serotonin effects

Answer 27

- mood - perception of pain - arousal level - suppresses sensory information

Question 28

highest levels of serotonin during

Answer 28

alertness

Question 29

lowest levels of serotonin during

Answer 29

REM sleep

Question 30

low levels of serotonin associated with

Answer 30

depression

Question 31

How do SSRIs work?

Answer 31

- block serotonin reuptake | - keeps in synapses longer

Question 32

endogenous opioid peptides bind to

Answer 32

same receptors as the drug opium

Question 33

opioid peptides include these

Answer 33

- endorphins - enkephalins - dynorphins

Question 34

opioid peptides inhibit

Answer 34

CNS neurons involved in pain perception

Question 35

opioid peptides are predominant here

Answer 35

- spinal cord - hypothalamus - gray matter areas in brainstem

Question 36

types of channels that are directly activated

Answer 36

ligand gated

Question 37

ligand gated channels are (ionotropic/metabotropic)

Answer 37

ionotropic

Question 38

ligand gated channels are proteins that function as both

Answer 38

- receptors for NT | - ion channels

Question 39

ligand gated channels open when

Answer 39

NT binds to receptors

Question 40

glutamate and ligand gated channels

Answer 40

positive ions flow in and depolarize, producing EPSP

Question 41

GABA and ligand gated channels

Answer 41

- Cl- channels - Cl- ions diffuse into the cell - hyperpolarize the membrane

Question 42

indirect activation

Answer 42

g-proteins

Question 43

g-protein activated channels are (ionotropic/metabotropic)

Answer 43

metabotropic

Question 44

sequence of events when a NT binds to a g-protein

Answer 44

1. protein changes shape 2. g-protein activated 3. active subunits of the protein break free and act as signaling shuttles 4. subunits bind to a membrane ion channel 5. ion channel changes shape and opens 6. subunits become deactivated and reassociate with the receptor