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7303 Neuroanatomy > 2.6 Lundy Ch. 3 (2) > Flashcards

2.6 Lundy Ch. 3 (2) Flashcards

1
Q

ACh is the primary conveyer of information in the (CNS/PNS)

A

PNS

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2
Q

acetylcholine: fast acting effects in the PNS

A

effects on skeletal muscle membranes

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3
Q

acetylcholine: slow acting effects in the PNS

A

regulation of HR and other autonomic functions

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4
Q

In the CNS, ACh is produced by neurons in the

A
  • basal forebrain

- midbrain

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5
Q

Slow action and neuromodulation by ACh in the CNS are involved in:

A
  • control of movement

- selection of objects of attention

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6
Q

What is the principle fast excitatory transmitter of the CNS?

A

glutamate

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7
Q

What is glutamate involved in?

A

elicits neural changes that occur with learning and development

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8
Q

How is glutamate involved when the CNS has been damaged?

A

may contribute to neuron death

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9
Q

glycine and GABA are (activators/inhibitors)

A

inhibitors

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10
Q

major inhibitory NT in the CNS

A

GABA

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11
Q

GABA often acts here

A

interneurons in the spinal cord

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12
Q

glycine inhibits

A

postsynaptic membranes, primarily in

  • brainstem
  • spinal cord
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13
Q

glycine/GABA prevent

A

excessive neural activity

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14
Q

low levels of glycine/GABA may cause

A
  • seizures
  • anxiety
  • unwanted muscle contractions
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15
Q

Where is dopamine produced?

A

neurons in substantia nigra and midbrain

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16
Q

What does dopamine affect?

A
  • motor activity
  • cognition
  • behavior

*reward and pleasure

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17
Q

signaling pathways that use dopamine are involved in these conditions

A
  • Schizophrenia

- Parkinson’s

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18
Q

What do Schizophrenia and Parkinson’s drugs do?

A
  • prevent dopamine from binding (decrease hallucinations, delusions, etc)
  • may result in spasms
19
Q

cocaine’s effect on dopamine reuptake

A
  • prevents reuptake
  • prolongs dopamine activity
  • produces euphoria and “stereotypical” coked out behavior
20
Q

norepinephrine is also called

A

noradrenaline

21
Q

high levels of NE are associated with

A

vigilance

22
Q

lowest levels of NE present during

A

sleep

23
Q

NE in the PNS

A
  • secreted by adrenal gland

- released by neurons in ANS

24
Q

NE in CNS produced here

A
  • brainstem nuclei
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
25
Q

high levels of NE are associated with these problems

A
  • panic disorder

- PRSD

26
Q

NE acts on these regions of the brain

A
  • cortical

- limbic

27
Q

serotonin effects

A
  • mood
  • perception of pain
  • arousal level
  • suppresses sensory information
28
Q

highest levels of serotonin during

A

alertness

29
Q

lowest levels of serotonin during

A

REM sleep

30
Q

low levels of serotonin associated with

A

depression

31
Q

How do SSRIs work?

A
  • block serotonin reuptake

- keeps in synapses longer

32
Q

endogenous opioid peptides bind to

A

same receptors as the drug opium

33
Q

opioid peptides include these

A
  • endorphins
  • enkephalins
  • dynorphins
34
Q

opioid peptides inhibit

A

CNS neurons involved in pain perception

35
Q

opioid peptides are predominant here

A
  • spinal cord
  • hypothalamus
  • gray matter areas in brainstem
36
Q

types of channels that are directly activated

A

ligand gated

37
Q

ligand gated channels are (ionotropic/metabotropic)

A

ionotropic

38
Q

ligand gated channels are proteins that function as both

A
  • receptors for NT

- ion channels

39
Q

ligand gated channels open when

A

NT binds to receptors

40
Q

glutamate and ligand gated channels

A

positive ions flow in and depolarize, producing EPSP

41
Q

GABA and ligand gated channels

A
  • Cl- channels
  • Cl- ions diffuse into the cell
  • hyperpolarize the membrane
42
Q

indirect activation

A

g-proteins

43
Q

g-protein activated channels are (ionotropic/metabotropic)

A

metabotropic

44
Q

sequence of events when a NT binds to a g-protein

A
  1. protein changes shape
  2. g-protein activated
  3. active subunits of the protein break free and act as signaling shuttles
  4. subunits bind to a membrane ion channel
  5. ion channel changes shape and opens
  6. subunits become deactivated and reassociate with the receptor

7303 Neuroanatomy (69 decks)

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