3.14 Ch. 12.1 Flashcards

1
Q

peripheral nerves consist of

A

parallel bundles of axons surrounded by three connective tissue sheaths

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2
Q

3 connective tissue sheaths of peripheral nerves

A
  • endoneurium
  • perineurium
  • epineurium
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3
Q

endoneurium

A

Separates individual axons.

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4
Q

perineurium

A

Surrounds fascicles

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5
Q

epineurium

A

Encloses the entire nerve trunk

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6
Q

peripheral nerves supply

A
  • visceral

- somatic structures

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7
Q

somatic peripheral nerves

A

usually mixed and include sensory, autonomic, and motor axons

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8
Q

cutaneous branches supply

A
  • skin

- subcutaneous tissues

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9
Q

muscular branches supply

A
  • muscles
  • tendons
  • joints
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10
Q

peripheral axon classification

A
  • speed of conduction

- diameter

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11
Q

nerve plexuses formed by

A

anterior rami

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12
Q

What are the plexuses?

A
  • cervical
  • brachial
  • lumbar
  • sacral
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13
Q

cervical plexus innervates

A
  • anterior neck muscles

- diaphragm

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14
Q

cervical plexus provides cutaneous sensory info from

A

posterior scalp to the clavicle

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15
Q

brachial plexus innervates

A

entire UE

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16
Q

lumbar plexus innervates

A

skin and muscles of anterior and medial thigh

17
Q

sacral plexus innervates

A

posterior thigh and most of the leg and foot

18
Q

What type of axons does the sacral plexus contain?

A

parasympathetic

19
Q

How does movement affect nerve health?

A

promotes blood flow through the nerves and flow of axoplasm through the axons

20
Q

How does movement affect the axoplasm?

A

causes it to thin and flow more easily

21
Q

Where do motor axons synapse with motor fibers?

A

at NMJ

22
Q

summation of action potentials and NMJ

A

no summation needed to depolarize the postsynaptic membrane

23
Q

depolarization of motor axon in a normal motor unit

A

every depolarization releases sufficient ACh to initiat AP in the innervated muscle fibers

24
Q

Signs of peripheral nerve damage

A
  • sensory
  • autonomic
  • motor

**All signs are in a peripheral nerve distribution.

25
Q

sensory changes in peripheral nerves

A

decreased or lost sensation

abnormal sensations

  • hyperalgesia
  • dysesthesia
  • paresthesia
  • allodynia
26
Q

autonomic changes: signs depend on

A

pattern of axonal dysfunction

27
Q

autonomic changes: single nerve dysfunction signs

A

usually observed only if the nerve is completely severed

28
Q

autonomic changes: many nerves

problems include:

A

difficulty regulating

  • BP
  • HR
  • sweating
  • bowel/bladder functions
  • impotence
29
Q

motor changes: signs of peripheral nerve damage

A

paresis

paralysis

30
Q

EMG activity for denervated muscles

A

recordings show no activity for +/- 1 week after injury

31
Q

What happens to muscle fibers with peripheral nerve damage?

A
  • muscle atrophy progresses rapidly

- fibers develop a sensitivity to ACh along muscle membrane (get fibrillation)

32
Q

fibrillation and lesions

A

fibs are not diagnostic of a specific lesion

33
Q

When do trophic changes begin in denervated tissues?

A

when nerve supply is interrupted

34
Q

appearance of tissues with trophic changes

A
  • muscles atrophy
  • skin becomes shiny
  • nails become brittle
  • subcutaneous tissues thicken
  • ulceration
35
Q

trophic changes and neurological/blood flow issues

A
  • poor healing
  • neurogenic joint damage
  • blood supply changes
  • loss of sensation
  • lack of movement