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► Med - Pathology > Viruses Review > Flashcards

Viruses Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common outcome after infection with poliovirus?

A

Asymptomatic Infection

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2
Q

How is poliovirus transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

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3
Q

How is infection by poliovirus detected?

A

Detection of viral sequences by RT-PCR

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4
Q

What is the mechanism/pathogenesis of poliomyelitis?

A

Lytic destruction of anterior horn cells

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5
Q

What is the main disease caused by poliovirus?

A

Poliomyelitis

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6
Q

Are there any anti-viral therapies for treating poliovirus-infected patients?

A

No

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7
Q

Are there any vaccines to prevent poliomyelitis - if yes, what ones?

A
  • Live-attenuated oral vaccine

- Killed-virus injected vaccine

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8
Q

Are there any long term consequences associated with poliovirus infection?

A

Long-lived protective immunity

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9
Q

What disease is most commonly associated with coxsackie virus?

A

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of transmission for coxsackie virus?

A

Fecal-oral

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11
Q

What are the most common method of diagnosis for infections with coxsackie virus?

A

Clinical diagnosis by common presentation

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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hand, foot, and mouth disease?

A

Viremia leading to skin infection and causing cell death

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13
Q

Are there antiviral therapeutics for coxsackie virus?

A

No

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14
Q

Are there vaccines available to protect against coxsackie virus?

A

No

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15
Q

Are there long term consequences to coxsackie virus?

A

Long-lived protective immunity

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16
Q

What is the most common form of infection associated with enterovirus D68?

A

Respiratory Infection

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of transmission for enterovirus D68?

A
  • Respiratory

- Contact with contaminated surfaces

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18
Q

What are the current methods of detection for infections with D68 virus?

A

PCR and/or isolate virus and culture for cytopathic effect

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19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of infection with D68?

A

Viremia leading to respiratory tract infection

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20
Q

Are there antiviral therapeutics for D68 infections?

A

Pleconaril for severe cases

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21
Q

Are there vaccines available to protect against infection by D68?

A

No

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22
Q

Are there long term consequences to infections with D68?

A

Long-lived protective immunity

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23
Q

What is the family and genome of Hepatitis A virus?

A

Single stranded positive RNA Enterovirus - Picornaviridae family

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24
Q

How is HAV most commonly transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

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25
Q

What is the recommended current method of detection for Hepatitis A infection?

A

Serology by antibody capture for HAV specific IgM

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26
Q

What is the mechanism of pathogenesis for HAV?

A

Viremia resulting in targeting of the liver

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27
Q

Are there anti-viral therapies available against HAV?

A

Vaccine can be administered during the prodrome period of infection

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28
Q

Is there a vaccine available for protection against HAV?

A

Killed-virus injected vaccine

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29
Q

Are there long term consequences of a HAV infection?

A

Long-term protective immunity

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30
Q

What does rhinovirus normally cause?

A

Common Cold

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31
Q

What is the transmission of rhinovirus?

A

Respiratory

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32
Q

How is rhinovirus diagnosed?

A

Film array RT‐PCR assay

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33
Q

What is the pathogenesis of rhinovirus?

A

Lytic replication in the respiratory epithelium

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34
Q

Are there long term consequences of rhinovirus infection?

A

Type‐specific immunity

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35
Q

Are there vaccines or treatments for rhinovirus?

A

No

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36
Q

What is the most common manifestation of a rotavirus infection?

A

Epidemic diarrhea in young children

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37
Q

How is Rotavirus most commonly transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

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38
Q

What samples should you send to the lab to make a proper diagnosis of Rotavirus?

A

Fecal sample

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39
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Rotavirus?

A

Enterotoxin production causing calcium release

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40
Q

Are there any effective anti-viral agentsavailable against rotavirus?

A

No

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41
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for Rotavirus?

A
  • Rotateq: a live-attenuated pentavalent vaccine

- Rotarix: a live-attenated vaccine protective against one genotype

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42
Q

Are there any long-term consequences to rotavirus infections?

A

Short- term immunity with less severe reinfection

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43
Q

What is the genome and family of Influenza virus?

A

Segmented negative strand RNA Orthomyxovirus

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44
Q

How is Influenza virus most commonly transmitted?

A

Respiratory

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45
Q

What is the current method of detection of Influenza virus?

A

Film array RT-PCR assay

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46
Q

What is the mechanism of pathogenesis of Influenza virus infection?

A

Exuberant immune responses cause lethargy, muscle aches, fever while necrotic infected cell debris and inflammatory infiltrates occupy airways and impede breathing

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47
Q

Are there any anti-viral therapies available against Influenza virus?

A

Amantidine or Neuraminidase Inhibitors

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48
Q

Are there vaccines available against Influenza virus?

A
  • Live-attenuated vaccine

- Subunit vaccine with current year HA and N

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49
Q

Why do people need to be vaccinated annually for Influenza virus?

A

Because new influenza strains arise due to antigenic drift and antigenic shift

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50
Q

What is the most common manifestation of a norovirus infection?

A

Diarrhea associated with viral infections on cruise ships

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51
Q

How is Norovirus most commonly transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

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52
Q

What tests is the most commonly done in the lab to make a Norovirus diagnosis?

A

RT-PCR by the public health department

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53
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Norovirus?

A

Lysis and shedding of gut epithelial cells

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54
Q

Are there any effective anti-viral agentsavailable against Norovirus?

A

No

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55
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for Noravirus?

A

No

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56
Q

Are there any long-term consequences to norovirus infections?

A

Norovirus type specific immunity

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57
Q

What is the most common disease associated with RSV?

A

Severe lower respiratory tract infection in children

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58
Q

How is Respiratory syncytial virus usually transmitted?

A

Inhalation of respiratory droplets

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59
Q

What is the current recommended mode of detection for Respiratory syncytial virus?

A

Film array RT-PCR of nasal wash

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60
Q

What is the pathogenesis of RSV?

A
  • Necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium in 18-24 hrs
  • Submucosal edema
  • Bronchioles occluded with mucus and cellular debris
  • Hyperinflation and air trapping
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61
Q

Are there any effective anti-viral agentsavailable for treatment of hospitalized children with RSV?

A

No

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62
Q

Are there any effective therapeutics against RSV?

A

Administer Palivizumab prior to infection - Ab against RSV protein

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63
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for RSV?

A

No

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64
Q

Are there any long-term consequences to RSV infections?

A

Short term immunity with chance for less severe reinfection

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65
Q

What is the most common disease associated with Parainfluenza virus in children?

A

Croup

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66
Q

How is parainfluenza virus transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets

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67
Q

What is the current recommended mode of detection for Parainfluenza virus?

A
  • Film array RT-PCR

- Clinical diagnosis by common presentation

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68
Q

Knowing the pathogenesis of Parainfluenza virus, which of the following are the expected clinical findings?

A

Coldlike symptoms, bronchitis, croup

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69
Q

Are there any effective therapeutic agents available to treat Parainfluenza virus infections?

A

Glucocorticoids for severe cases of croup

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70
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for Parainfluenza virus?

A

No

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71
Q

Are there any long term complications to Parainfluenza virus infection?

A

Short-term immunity

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72
Q

What is the most common manifestation of disease associated with Mumps virus infection?

A

Parotitis

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73
Q

How is the Mumps virus most commonly transmitted?

A

Respiratory

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74
Q

How is Mumps virus currently diagnosed?

A

Clinical symptoms with confirmation by serology performed by the public health department

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75
Q

What is the most common pathogenesis of a Mumps infection?

A

Viral replication in respiratory tract leading to viremia & infection and inflammation of parotid gland

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76
Q

Are there any approved anti-virals against Mumps infection?

A

No

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77
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for Mumps virus?

A

Live-attenuated vaccine in combination with Measles and Rubella and Varicella

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78
Q

Are there any major consequences to Mumps infections?

A

Long-term immunity

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79
Q

What is the most common manifestation of disease associated with Measles virus infection?

A

Maculopapular rash, coryza, cough and conjunctivitis and koplik’s spots

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80
Q

How is the Measles virus usually transmitted?

A

Respiratory from the cough of infected person

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81
Q

How is Measles virus currently diagnosed?

A

Clinical symptoms with confirmation by serology performed by the public health department

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82
Q

What is the most common pathogenesis of a Measles infection?

A

Viral replication in respiratory tract leading to viremia and rash

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83
Q

Are there any approved anti-virals against Measles infection?

A

No

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84
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for Measles virus?

A

Live-attenuated vaccine in combination with Mumps and Rubella and Varicella

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85
Q

Are there any major consequences to Measles infections?

A

Long-term immunity with rare risk of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

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86
Q

What is the common name given to Rubella virus infection?

A

German Measles

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87
Q

How is the Rubella virus usually transmitted?

A
  • Respiratory

- Mother to fetus

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88
Q

What laboratory test is done to diagnose Rubella virus?

A

Serology

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89
Q

What is the most common pathogenesis of a Rubella infection?

A

Viral replication in respiratory tract leading to viremia and rash

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90
Q

Are there any approved anti-virals against Rubella infection?

A

No

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91
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for Rubella virus?

A

Live-attenuated vaccine in combination with Mumps and Measles and Varicella

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92
Q

Are there any consequences to Rubella infections in pregnant women?

A

Congenital Rubella Syndrome

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93
Q

What is the genome and family of HIV?

A

Positive strand RNA lentivirus

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94
Q

How is HIV most typically transmitted?

A

Sexual contact, sharing needles or mother to newborn

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95
Q

What is the current method of detection of HIV?

A

Serology and confirmation by Western blot

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96
Q

What is the mechanism of pathogenesis of HIV?

A
  • HIV targets CD4 positive T cells and macrophages causes a flu like syndrome
  • Chronic viral replication results in a depletion of CD4 T cells during a period of clinical latency
  • Low T cell count increases susceptibility to opportunistic infections and clinical AIDs
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97
Q

Are there any available anti-virals to treat patients with HIV?

A

Yes, triple drug therapy is required to prevent drug resistant mutants from arising during treatment. Antivirals are a combination of reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors and integrase inhibitors.

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98
Q

Is there a vaccine available against HIV?

A

No vaccines are currently available

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99
Q

Are there long-term consequences to HIV infection?

A

Progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

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100
Q

What is the most common primary manifestation of HSV1?

A

Cold Sores

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101
Q

How is HSV1 usually transmitted?

A

Close contact such as kissing, wrestling or sex

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102
Q

How is HSV1 typically diagnosed?

A

Clinical presentation

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103
Q

What is the pathogenesis of HSV1?

A

Primary lytic infection of epithelial cells followed by infection of sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia where the virus can become latent, and reactivation can occur.

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104
Q

Are there any anti-virals available against HSV1?

A
  • Acyclovir

- Pritelivir

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105
Q

Are there any possible consequences of HSV1?

A

Latent infection with the possibility for recurrence

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106
Q

What is the most common clinical primary manifestation of infection with EBV?

A

Infectious Mononucleosis

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107
Q

How is EBV most commonly transmitted?

A

Contact with saliva

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108
Q

How can infection with EBV be diagnosed?

A

Monospot test for heterophile antibodies

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109
Q

What is the pathogenesis of EBV?

A

Virus infects epithelia spreading to B cells where it replicates. Virus becomes latent in B cells with sporatic recurrence.

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110
Q

Are there any anti-virals available to treat infection with EBV?

A

No

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111
Q

Is there a vaccine available against EBV?

A

No

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112
Q

Are there any possible long term consequences of EBV infection?

A
  • Burkitt’s Lymphoma (malaria cofactor)
  • Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (Chinese herb cofactor)
  • Latent infection with sporadic virus reactivation and shedding
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113
Q

What is the most common primary manifestation of HSV2?

A

Vesicular eruptions on the genitalia

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114
Q

How is HSV2 usually transmitted?

A
  • Close contact such as kissing, wrestling or sex

- Mother to newborn

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115
Q

How is HSV2 diagnosed?

A

PCR of viral DNA from the lesion

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116
Q

What is the pathogenesis of HSV2?

A

Primary lytic infection of epithelium of genitalia followed by latent infection of sensory cells of the sacral ganglion. Recurrent infection can occur, usually at the same site as the primary infection.

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117
Q

Are there any anti-virals available against HSV2?

A
  • Acyclovir

- Pritelivir

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118
Q

Is there a vaccine available for HSV2?

A

No

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119
Q

Are there any consequences of HSV2 infection?

A
  • Latent infection and recurrence

- Neonatal infections leading to recovery, neurological impairment, or death

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120
Q

What is the most common primary manifestation of Varicella-zoster infection?

A

Chicken Pox

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121
Q

How is Varicella-zoster usually transmitted?

A

Respiratory

122
Q

How is infection with Varicella-zoster typically diagnosed?

A

Clinical presentation

123
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Varicella-zoster infection?

A

Primary systemic infection with generalized, vesicular rash that results in latent infection that can reactivate as shingles.

124
Q

Are there any anti-virals available to treat Varicella-zoster infection?

125
Q

Is there a vaccine available for Varicella-zoster?

A

Live-attenuated vaccine - MMRV

126
Q

Are there any possible consequences of Varicella-zoster?

A

Latent infection with the possibility for recurrence as shingles

127
Q

What is the most common primary manifestation of infection with CMV?

A
  • Asymptomatic, although severe disease can occur in neonates
  • Infectious mononucleosis (about 10% of cases in young children)
128
Q

How is CMV most commonly transmitted?

A

Saliva, secretions and mother to newborn

129
Q

How can infection with CMV be diagnosed?

A
  • PCR of viral DNA from newborn patient sample
  • Serology for CMV specific antibodies from patients with infectious mononucleosis
  • Histology for “owl’s eye” nuclei of inclusion bodies in CMV pneumonia
130
Q

What is the pathogenesis of CMV?

A

Virus infects epithelium and establishes latency in T cells, macrophages, and other cell types. Virus shedding from saliva and secretions occurs sporadically throughout life.

131
Q

Are there any anti-virals available to treat infection with CMV?

A

Ganiciclovir

132
Q

Is there a vaccine available against CMV?

133
Q

Are there any possible consequences of CMV infection?

A

Life long sporadic shedding of virus

134
Q

What viruses can cause roseola?

A

HHV6 and HHV7

135
Q

What is the most common clinical presentation of Roseola?

A

Sudden onset of fever for 2 days, followed by rash in infants

136
Q

How is Roseola most commonly transmitted?

A

Respiratory

137
Q

How can infection with Roseola be diagnosed?

A

Clinical presentation

138
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Roseola?

A

Virus incubation for 4 to 7 days, followed by high fever. When the fever ends a rash will appear. Latency is established in T cells with no known reactivation.

139
Q

Are there any anti-virals available to treat infection with Roseola?

140
Q

Is there a vaccine available against Roseola?

141
Q

Are there any possible consequences of Roseola infection?

A

Latent infection with no known clinical recurrence

142
Q

In what subset of patients would you normally see Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

HIV/AIDs patients

143
Q

How is HHV-8 most commonly transmitted?

A

Sexual contact

144
Q

How can infection with HHV-8 be diagnosed?

A

Clinical presentation and PCR for viral DNA

145
Q

What is the pathogenesis of HHV-8?

A

T cells control and resolve infection, but activation of Kaposi’s lesions occurs during immunosuppression.

146
Q

Are there any anti-virals available to treat infection with HHV-8?

A

No, but treating AIDS patients with HAART will restore T cells that will control the HHV-8 infection.

147
Q

Is there a vaccine available against HHV-8?

148
Q

Are there any possible consequences of HHV-8 infection?

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma in immune compromised patients

149
Q

What genetic material is found in parvovirus B19?

A

Single Strand DNA

150
Q

What is the main disease caused by parvovirus B19?

A

Erythema Infectiosums (Fifth Disease) - AKA “Slapped-cheek” Syndrome

151
Q

What is the method of transmission of parvovirus B19?

A

Respiratory

152
Q

How is parvovirus B19 diagnosed?

A

Clinical diagnosis/Serology/PCR of serum from aplastic crisis

153
Q

What is the pathogenesis of parvovirus B19?

A

Replicates in erythroid precursor nuclei

154
Q

Is there a vaccine for parvovirus B19?

155
Q

Is there a treatment for parvovirus B19?

A

No - only in immunocompromised patients

- Intravenous Ig for aplastic crisis in immunocompromised patients

156
Q

Are there any long term effects of parvovirus B19 infection?

A

Long‐term immunity

157
Q

What is the family and genome of Hepatitis C virus?

A

Single stranded positive RNA Enveloped Flavivirus

158
Q

How is HCV most commonly transmitted?

A

Transfusion, needle sharing, contact with blood

159
Q

What is the recommended current method of detection for Hepatitis C infection?

A

RT-PCR and sequencing for genotype

160
Q

What is the mechanism of pathogenesis for HCV?

A

Viremia resulting in targeting of the liver and persistent infection in the majority of patients

161
Q

Are there anti-viral therapies available against HCV?

A

Direct acting anti-virals (DAAs) including protease inhibitors and polymerase inhibitors

162
Q

Is there a vaccine available for protection against HCV?

163
Q

What is the most clinically significant long term consequence of HCV infection?

A

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

164
Q

What type of virus causes Yellow Fever?

A

Positive single strand RNA, enveloped virus Flavivirus

165
Q

How is Yellow Fever usually transmitted?

A

Insect vector with an urban cycle

166
Q

How is Yellow Fever typically diagnosed?

A

Clinical diagnosis by common presentation and travel history. Confirmation by serology by the public health department

167
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Yellow Fever?

A

Viremia resulting in extensive viral replication in the liver

168
Q

How do you treat a patient with Yellow Fever?

A

Supportive care

169
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for Yellow fever?

A

Live-attenuated vaccine

170
Q

Are there any major consequences to Yellow Fever infections?

A
  • Long-term immunity

- Death is possible

171
Q

What is the most severe manifestation of disease associated with Dengue virus?

A

Hemorrhagic Fever/Break Bone Fever

172
Q

How is Dengue virus usually transmitted?

A

Mosquito vector with monkey reservoir

173
Q

In places endemic with Dengue virus, what is the laboratory test of diagnosis?

A

ELISA of serum for NS1

174
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Dengue?

A

Immunopathogenesis causing fever and rash

175
Q

Are there any effective therapies against Dengue virus?

176
Q

Is there an effective vaccine currently available for Dengue virus?

177
Q

Are there any major consequences to Dengue virus infections?

A

Antibody dependent enhancement of disease if infected with another serotype

178
Q

What is the most common cause of epidemic encephalitis in the USA?

A

West Nile Virus

179
Q

How is West Nile virus usually transmitted?

A

Mosquito vector with marsh bird reservoir

180
Q

How is West Nile Virus typically diagnosed?

A

RT-PCR or Serology

181
Q

What is the pathogenesis of West Nile Virus?

A

Viremia leading to infection of the CNS

182
Q

Are there any effective therapies against West Nile Virus?

183
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for West Nile virus?

184
Q

What population is most likely to exhibit severe disease after West Nile virus infections?

A

Adults over 60

185
Q

What is the family and genome of St Louis Encephalitis Virus?

A

Single stranded positive RNA Flavivirus

186
Q

What is the reservoir for St. Louis Encephalitis Virus?

A

Marsh Bird reservoir with an Urban Cycle

187
Q

How is St Louis Encephalitis Virus typically detected?

A

RT-PCR and Serology

188
Q

What is the pathogenesis of SLEV?

A

Viremia leading to infection of the CNS

189
Q

Are there any effective therapies against St Louis Encephalitis Virus?

190
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for St Louis Encephalitis virus?

191
Q

Are there any major consequences to St Louis Encephalitis virus infections?

A

Long-term immunity

192
Q

What is the family and genome of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus?

A

Single stranded positive RNA Togavirus

193
Q

How is EEE virus usually transmitted?

A

Mosquito vector with a marsh bird reservoir

194
Q

What is the pathogenesis of EEE viral infection?

A

Viremia leading to infection of the CNS

195
Q

Are there any effective therapies against EEE Virus?

196
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for EEE virus for humans?

A

No - only for horses

197
Q

Are there any major consequences to EEE viral infections?

A

Fatality or long-term immunity

198
Q

What are the major diseases associated with Papilloma virus?

A
  • Warts

- Cervical Carcinoma

199
Q

How is Papilloma Virus typically diagnosed?

A

Clinical presentation with a Pap smear for malignant transformation

200
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Papilloma virus infection?

A

Virus production associated with cell differentiation with E6 and E7 binding to tumor suppressor proteins

201
Q

Are there any effective anti-viral therapies against Papilloma Virus?

A

Imiquimod, interferon and cidofovir

202
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for Papilloma virus?

A

Virus-like particle from types 6, 11, 16, 18 vaccine

203
Q

Are there any major consequences to Papilloma viral infections?

A

Cervical Carcinoma

204
Q

What is the most common manifestation of disease associated with existing human Coronavirus infections?

A

Common cold or Gastroenteritis

205
Q

How are Coronaviruses usually transmitted?

A

Respiratory spread through close contact

206
Q

How are Coronaviruses currently diagnosed?

A

Film array PCR

207
Q

What is the best way to describe the pathogenesis of a Coronavirus infection?

A

Viral replication leading to inflammation

208
Q

Are there any approved anti-virals against coronaviruses?

209
Q

Is there a vaccine currently tested and available for Coronaviruses such as SARS?

210
Q

Are there any major consequences to emerging coronavirus infections?

A

Pandemic diseases such as SARS and MERS

211
Q

What is the family and genome of Hepatitis E virus?

A

Single stranded positive RNA Hepevirus

212
Q

How is HEV most commonly transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

213
Q

What is the recommended current method of detection for Hepatitis E infection?

A

Serology or RT-PCR by the public health department

214
Q

What is the mechanism of pathogenesis for HEV?

A

Viremia resulting in targeting of the liver

215
Q

Are there anti-viral therapies available against HEV?

216
Q

Is there a vaccine available for protection against HEV?

217
Q

Are there long term consequences of a HEV infection?

A

Long- lived protective immunity in healthy individuals; higher chance of mortality in pregnant women

218
Q

What are the manifestations of disease during Adenovirus infection?

A
  • Conjunctivitis

- Multiple URTI syndromes

219
Q

How is adenovirus usually transmitted?

A

Respiratory - some types can be fecal-oral as well

220
Q

How is adenovirus typically diagnosed?

A

Film array PCR

221
Q

What is the pathogenesis of adenovirus infection in the eye?

A

Viral replication leading to inflammation

222
Q

Are there any effective anti-viral therapies against adenovirus?

223
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for adenovirus?

A

Not for public use - Live-attenuated vaccine for military personnel only

224
Q

Are there any major consequences to adenovirus infections?

A

Long-term type specific immunity

225
Q

Where is smallpox infections still a prevalent disease?

A

Nowhere - it has been eradicated

226
Q

How was Smallpox virus usually transmitted?

A

Respiratory

227
Q

How would Smallpox virus be diagnosed?

A

Clinical presentation, confirmed by sequencing by Homeland Security

228
Q

What was the pathogenesis of Smallpox virus infection?

A

Replication in the respiratory tract, viremia leading to characteristic rash

229
Q

Are there any effective anti-viral therapies against Smallpox Virus?

230
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for Smallpox virus?

A

Live-attenuated vaccine; currently administered to military personnel

231
Q

What is the genetic composition of Smallpox virus?

A

Enveloped double stranded DNA

232
Q

Are there any major consequences to Smallpox being eradicated?

A

Not needing continued vaccinations saves the health care system millions of dollars a year

233
Q

What is the family and genome of Hepatitis B virus?

A

Partly double stranded DNA Hepadnavirus

234
Q

How can HBV be transmitted?

A
  • Sexual

- Mother to newborn

235
Q

What is the recommended current method of detection for Hepatitis B virus infection?

A

Serology by antibody capture for HBV specific antibodies

236
Q

What is the mechanism of pathogenesis for HBV?

A

Viremia resulting in targeting of the liver

237
Q

Are there anti-viral therapies available against HBV?

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) such as Lamivudine or Adefovir Dipivoxil

238
Q

Is there a vaccine available for protection against HBV?

A

Subunit vaccine

239
Q

What is the most clinically significant long term consequence of HBV infection?

A

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

240
Q

What is the most common disease associated with Hantavirus?

A

Pulmonary Syndrome

241
Q

How is Hantavirus usually transmitted?

A

Zoonotic infection from inhalation of urine or feces from infected deer mice

242
Q

What is the current laboratory test for diagnosis of Hantavirus?

A

Serology performed by the public health department

243
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Hantavirus?

A

Viral replication in respiratory tract, inflammation and pneumonia

244
Q

Are there any effective anti-viral therapies available for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

245
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for Hantavirus?

246
Q

Are there any major consequences to Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A
  • Long-term immunity
  • Fatality

??????????????? Latency - EDIT Later - not sure if virus is latent or not

247
Q

What family does Ebola virus belong to?

A

Filoviridae

248
Q

What is the most common manifestation of disease associated with Ebola virus?

A

Hemorrhagic Fever

249
Q

How is Ebola usually transmitted person to person?

A

Direct contact with infected blood or body fluids

250
Q

How is Ebola typically diagnosed in the United States?

A

RT-PCR from the sera

251
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Ebola?

A

Viremia resulting in extensive viral replication and cell death and organ failure

252
Q

How do you treat a patient with Ebola?

A
  • Supportive care

- Compassionate use of non-FDA approved anti-virals or neutralizing monoclonal antibodies

253
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for Ebola?

254
Q

Are there any major consequences to Ebola infections?

A

Fatality, persistent infection, or recovery with long-term immunity

255
Q

What are the common symptoms when infected with Colorado Tick Fever Virus?

A

Fever and rash

256
Q

How is Colorado Tick Fever usually transmitted?

257
Q

What Laboratory test is used to diagnose Colorado Tick Fever?

A

Serology by the public health department

258
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Colorado Tick Fever?

A

Viremia resulting in inflammation and rash followed by recovery

259
Q

Are there any effective anti-viral therapies for Colorado Tick Fever Virus?

260
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for Colorado Tick Fever Virus?

261
Q

Are there any major consequences to Colorado Tick Fever infections?

A

Long-term immunity

262
Q

What is the most striking manifestation of Chikungunya virus infection compared to other arboviruses?

A

Arthralgia

263
Q

What family does Chikungunya virus belong to?

A

Togaviridae

264
Q

How is Chikungunya virus usually transmitted?

A

Insect vector

265
Q

How is Chikungunya Virus typically diagnosed in the United States?

A

Serology and PCR by the public health department

266
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Chikungunya virus infection?

A

Viremia leading to polyarthralgia and rash

267
Q

Are there any effective therapies against Chikungunya Virus?

268
Q

Is there a vaccine currently available for Chikungunya virus?

269
Q

Are there any major consequences to Chikungunya viral infections?

A

Polyarthralgia can last weeks to months

270
Q

What type of genetic material is Hepatitis D made of?

A

Single stranded RNA viroid - enveloped

271
Q

What is the most serious disease that Hepatitis D can cause?

A

Fulminant Hepatitis

272
Q

How can Hepatitis D be transmitted?

A
  • Mother to child
  • Transfusion
  • IV drug use
  • Sexual intercourse
273
Q

How is Hepatitis D diagnosed?

A

Serology by antibody capture

274
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Hepatitis D?

A

Co-infection with HBV leading to viremia that targets the liver and cause fulminant disease

275
Q

Are there drug therapies or treatment for Hepatitis D?

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

276
Q

What are the long term outcomes of Hepatitis D infection?

A
  • Chronic Hepatitis

- Death

277
Q

Is there a vaccine available for Hepatitis D?

A

HBV subunit vaccine

278
Q

What is the genetic material in California Encephalitis Virus?

A

Negative single stranded RNA that is segmented and has an envelope

279
Q

What is the disease caused by California Encephalitis Virus?

A

Encephalitis

280
Q

What is the transmission of California Encephalitis Virus?

A

Mosquito bite

281
Q

How is California Encephalitis Virus diagnosed?

282
Q

What is the pathogenesis of California Encephalitis Virus?

A

Viremia leading to CNS infection

283
Q

Are there therapies for California Encephalitis Virus?

284
Q

Is there a vaccine for California Encephalitis Virus?

285
Q

What is the long term outcome of California Encephalitis Virus?

A

Long-term immunity

286
Q

What is the genetic material found in Rabies Virus?

A

Negative single stranded RNA and is enveloped

287
Q

What is the main disease caused by Rabies Virus?

288
Q

How is Rabies Virus transmitted?

A

Bites from skunks, raccoons or bats most commonly - dog bites are actually rare in the US

289
Q

How is Rabies Virus diagnosed?

A

Detection of viral antigens in the brain; RT-PCR for genotype

290
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Rabies Virus ?

A

Replication in muscle, spread from nerves to brain via retrograde travel

291
Q

Is there a vaccine available for Rabies Virus?

A

Killed-virus vaccine

292
Q

Are there therapies available for Rabies Virus?

A

Anti-rabies Ig post exposure, no therapy on onset

293
Q

What is the long term outcome of Rabies Virus infection?

A
  • Long-term immunity

- Death

294
Q

What is the genetic material of Molluscum Contagiosum?

A

Enveloped DNA

295
Q

What is the disease caused by Molluscum Contagiosum?

A

Molluscum Contagiosum

296
Q

How is Molluscum Contagiosum transmitted?

297
Q

How is Molluscum Contagiosum diagnosed?

A

Clinical diagnosis from the pearl-like lesions

298
Q

Are there therapies for Molluscum Contagiosum?

A

No - the lesions take months to resolve

299
Q

Is there a vaccine for Molluscum Contagiosum?

300
Q

What is the long term outcome of Molluscum Contagiosum infection?

A
  • Long term immunity

- Persistent infection in AIDS patients

301
Q

Are there long term consequences of a HDV infection?

A

Reinfection with less severity

► Med - Pathology (203 decks)

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