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► Med - Pathology > Parasitology III-IV > Flashcards

Parasitology III-IV Flashcards

1
Q

What is the severity of symptoms of the helminths infection related to?

A

The number of organisms at inoculation because they do not multiply within the human host

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2
Q

What are the only helminths that reproduce in humans?

A
  • Strongyloides

- Hymenolepsis nana

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3
Q

What are the nematodes that are acquired by passage though the skin?

A
  • Strongyloides stercoralis

- Hookworms

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4
Q

What is the movement of Strongyloides though the body?

A

Penetration through the skin is followed by relocation to the lungs and ends up in the intestines

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5
Q

Why is Strongyloides a chronic infection?

A

Due to its ability for autoinfection

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6
Q

How is Strongyloides diagnosed?

A
  • Marked eosinophilia

- Rhabditiform larvae in stool

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7
Q

What is the treatment for Strongyloides?

A

Albedazole

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8
Q

What are the species of hookworm?

A

Ancylostoma duodonale

Necator americanus

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9
Q

What is the difference in the life cycle of hookworms and Strongyloides?

A

Ova passed in feces - hatches to R. larva in soil whereas Strongyloides can pass larvae in the stool

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10
Q

What are some symptoms of the hookworm infection?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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11
Q

How are hookworms diagnosed?

A

Ova found in feces with microcytic anemia

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12
Q

What is the treatment for hookworms?

A

Albendazole

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13
Q

What are the nematodes acquired by ingestion?

A

Visceral/Ocular/Neural Larva Migrans

  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Toxocara canis, Toxocara catis
  • Baylisascaris procyonis
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14
Q

How is Ascaris lumbricoides diagnosed?

A
  • Ova/worm in the stool

- Barium x-ray

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15
Q

What is the treatment for Ascaris?

A

Albendazole

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16
Q

What are the nematodes that humans are accidental hosts for?

A
  • Toxocara canis, Toxocara catis

- Baylisascaris procyonis

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17
Q

What are the signs of V/O/N larva migrans?

A

Wandering larvae produce hemorrhage and inflammation – Eosinophilic infiltration, granulomas - humans are not the right host so worms cannot embed like in their normal host

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18
Q

How are visceral larvae migrans diagnosed?

A
  • Larva in tissue

- Serology

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19
Q

What is the treatment for visceral larvae migrans?

A

Albendazole - none effective for Balylisascariasis

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20
Q

What is the life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)?

A

Ova are ingested and it develops in the intestine where the female migrates to the perianal region to deposit eggs

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21
Q

What are the signs of pinworm infection?

A
  • Perianal and perineal itching

* GU granuloma

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22
Q

How is pinworm infection diagnosed?

A

Ova demonstrated on tape from perianal area

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23
Q

What is the treatment for pinworms?

A

Albendazole - there is reinfection possibility though so MUST TREAT TWICE

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24
Q

Where is Trichuris tirchiura infection commonly seen in the world?

A

In the tropics

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25
Q

What is the life cycle of Trichuris tirchiura?

A

Ingested ova will develop only within the intestine

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26
Q

What are the signs of Trichuris tirchiura infection?

A 
Most are asymptomatic but serious infections can have:
– Diarrhea
– Abdominal pain 
– Rectal prolapse 
– Anemia
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27
Q

How is Trichuris tirchiura diagnosed?

A

Ova in feces with morphology of polar plugs

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28
Q

What is the treatment for Trichuris tirchiura?

A

Albendazole

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29
Q

What is the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis?

A

Infects carnivorous animals like rats, swine and bears and is acquired by ingestion of undercooked meat - enters the skeletal muscle

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30
Q

What are the phases of trichinosis?

A

Phase I - diarrheal intestinal phase
Phase II - migration of larvae to the muscle causing pain - often in the muscles around the eyes
Phase III - recovery

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31
Q

How is trichinosis diagnosed?

A
  • Eosinophilia with elevated muscle enzymes
  • Serology
  • Muscle biopsy
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32
Q

What is the treatment for trichinosis?

A

Albendazole - role of drug is to eliminate the adult form

33
Q

What is the cause of eosinophilic meningitis?

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

34
Q

How is eosinophilic meningitis acquired?

A

Ingestion of snail or snail secretions

35
Q

How is eosinophilic meningitis diagnosed?

A

Eosinophils and larvae in CSF

36
Q

What is the life cycle of lymphatic filariasis organisms?

A

– Larvae transmitted by several mosquito types

– Adults in lymphatics produce larvae which circulate in bloodstream

37
Q

What are the manifestations of lymphatic filariasis?

A

• Acute - lymphangitis and lymphadenitis
– Nocturnal cough and wheezing
• Chronic - lymphatic destruction
– Obstruction and chronic lymphedema

38
Q

How is lymphatic filariasis diagnosed?

A

– Eosinophilia

– Bloodsmears

39
Q

How is lymphatic filariasis treated?

A

– Diethylcarbamazine/Doxycylcine

40
Q

What is the vector of Onchocerciasis?

A

Black fly Simulium - inoculates onchocerca larvae

41
Q

What are the symptoms of onchocerciasis due to?

A

Dead or dying microfilariae

42
Q

What is one possible result of Onchocerciasis?

A

Blindness if the parasite migrates to the eye - keratitis in the lens is one example

43
Q

How is onchocerciasis diagnosed?

A

– Biopsy
– Skin snips
- Serology

44
Q

What is the treatment for onchocerciasis?

A

Ivermectin

45
Q

What is the vector of Loa loa?

A

Tabanid fly Chrysops

46
Q

What are that manifestations of Loa loa infection?

A
  • Painful Calabar swellings

- Worm in conjunctiva

47
Q

How is Loa loa diagnosed?

A

– Microfilariae in blood smear

– Adult in subcutaneous nodule or eye

48
Q

Whati s the treatment for Loa loa?

A

Diethylcarbamazine

49
Q

How is Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm) acquired?

A

Ingestion of copepod containing water from wells - larvae will migrate into tissue

50
Q

What are some characteristic of Guinea worm infection?

A

Blisters with chronic non-healing sores - typically on the lower extremities

51
Q

How is Guinea worm treated?

A

See worm in skin or with X-ray

52
Q

What is used to treat Guinea worm?

A

Metronidazole

53
Q

What is Taenia saginata known as?

A

Beef tapeworm

54
Q

What is Taenia solium known as?

A

Pork tapeworm

55
Q

What Diphyllobothrium latum known as?

A

Fish tapeworm

56
Q

What is Hymenolepsis nana known as?

A

Dwarf tapeworm

57
Q

What is a defining characteristic of Hymenolepsis?

A

Autoinfection - can lead to enteritis

58
Q

Cysticercosis

A

Infection with larval form of T.solium after ingestion of ova from human feces leading to cerebral effects:
– Meningoencephalitis and hydrocephalus
– Space occupying lesions
– Seizures

59
Q

How are tapeworm infections diagnosed?

A

Ova or proglottids in the feces or MRI/X-ray with cystercercosis

60
Q

What is the treatment for tapeworms?

A

Praziquantel

61
Q

What is the treatment for cystercercosis?

A

Albendazole

62
Q

What deficiency can occur with D. latum infection?

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency

63
Q

What is Echinococcus granulosis known as?

A

Dog tapeworm

64
Q

What is the sylvatic form of the dog tapeworm?

A

E. multiocularis

65
Q

What are the clinical signs of E. granulosis?

A

Space occupying lesion in liver, lung, kidney, bone

66
Q

What are the clinical signs of E. multilocularis?

A

Spreads like a malignancy

67
Q

What is the difficulty in treatment of the dog tapeworm?

A

Surgical removal of the cyst but it is difficult to not break open the contents

68
Q

What is the life cycle of Schistosoma?

A

Complex life cycle that involves snails and can invade through the skin of humans wading in water where they will invade in the liver to reproduce

69
Q

Katayama Fever

A

Associated with Schistosoma infection with acute fever, cough and LAD that is self-limiting

70
Q

How is Schistosomiasis diagnosed?

A

– Characteristic ova in feces or urine

– Rectal biopsy crush preparation

71
Q

What is the treatment for Schistosomiasis?

A

Praziquantel

72
Q

What does S. mansoni ova have as characteristics?

A

Round with a distinguishing spine

73
Q

Cercarial Dermatitis

A
  • Accidental infection of human swimmers with duck schistosome
  • Papular dermatitis with intense itching
74
Q

What are some of the associations of Clonorchis (liver fluke) infection?

A

– Obstructive biliary tract disease

– Associated with cholangiocarcinoma

75
Q

How is Clonorchis acquired?

A
  • Complex life cycle involving snail

* Acquired by ingestion of metacercariae- infested fish

76
Q

What are the signs of Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke) infection?

A

Cough, hemoptysis, chronic pneumonia, lung abscess, pleural empyema

77
Q

How is Paragonimus acquired?

A
  • Complex life cycle involving snail

* Acquired by ingestion of metecercaraial- infested crayfish/crab

78
Q

How is Paragonimus diagnosed?

A

Ova seen in the sputum or in the stool

► Med - Pathology (203 decks)

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