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Cell and tissue > Vascular bio II > Flashcards

Vascular bio II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal

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2
Q

What type of junction exists between cells of a continuous capillary?

A

Tight junctions (zonulae occludens)

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3
Q

If a ZO is incomplete, what is it then called?

A

Fascia occludens

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4
Q

What is the fold that covers up the tight junctions between the cells of continuous capillaries?

A

Marginal fold

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5
Q

What is present in large amounts in the cytoplasm of continuous capillaries?

A

Pinocytotic vesicles

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6
Q

How are transendothelial channels formed in continuous capillaries?

A

Fusion of many pinocytotic vesicles

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7
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A 
Brain
Lung
Muscle
CT
Exocrine glands

anywhere where you want specific transport

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8
Q

What are the two types of fenestrated capillaries?

A

With and without a diaphragm

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9
Q

True or false: the basal lamina is discontinuous in fenestrated capillaries?

A

False

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10
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Kidney
Endocrine glands
Intestines
Glomerulus (diaphragms absent here)

Anywhere where movement of ions is preferred

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11
Q

Do most fenestrated capillaries have diaphragms?

A

Yes, most do

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12
Q

What is different about the basal lamina in sinusoidal capillaries?

A

either very discontinuous or absent

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13
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

Red bone marrow
Liver
Spleen
Adrenal cortex

Wherever rapid movement is needed

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14
Q

What are the two types of venules?

A

Pericytic and muscular venules

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15
Q

Where do leukocytes attach in veinules?

A

At the marginal fold

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16
Q

Why is the tunica media thin in veinules?

A

Low pressure

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17
Q

What is the thickest layer of veinules?

A

the tunica adventitia

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18
Q

What are present in veins that are entirely absent in arteries?

A

valves

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19
Q

What are present in arteries that are entirely absent in veins?

A

Lamellae

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20
Q

What is characteristic of medium veins, as compared to smaller veins?

A

Small amount of smooth muscle

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21
Q

What is the defining characteristic of large veins?

A

Bundles of longitudinally smooth muscles in he tunica adventitia (NOT the tunica media)

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22
Q

What is vasculogenesis?

A

de novo vessel formation

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23
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Growth of vessels from existing EC derived channels

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24
Q

What is arteriogenesis?

A

Formation of arteries, arterioles, and collateral vassel remodeling

25
Q

What is neovascularization?

A

overarching term to include the three genesis terms

26
Q

What is remodeling (in terms of vessels)?

A

vascular response to alterations in the environment

27
Q

Where are endothelial cells precursors found?

A

In red bone marrow

28
Q

What are endothelial cepp precursors?

A

angioblast-like cells that reside in the red bone marrow of adults and non-bone marrow niches

29
Q

What are the three functions of EPCs?

A
  1. Replaces lost endothelial cells
  2. Re-endothelization of vascular implants (stents)
  3. Neovascularization of ischemic organs, wounds, and tumors
30
Q

What is the first step of angiogenesis?

A

Vasodilation due to NO and increased vascular permeability induced by VEGF of pre-existing (parent) vessel

31
Q

What is the second step of angiogenesis?

A

Proteolytic degradation of the basal lamina of the parent vessel by metalloproteinases. Endothelial cells must shed their cell-to-cell contacts (intercellular junctions). This loss of cell-to-cell contact is mediated by plasminogen activator.

32
Q

What is the third step of angiogenesis?

A

Migration and proliferation of endothelial cells which have disrupted their cell-to-cell contacts. The migration and proliferation is induced by proangiogenic factors (e.g., VEGF and angiopoietin 2). Fibroblast growth factor-2 can also mediate endothelial cell migration and proliferation.

33
Q

What is the fouth step of angiogenesis?

A

Endothelial cells mature into an endothelial capillary tube.

34
Q

What is the fifth step of angiogenesis?

A

Elaboration of basal lamina and recruitment of periendothelial cells. Elaboration of basal lamina elements is mediated by TGF-β (transforming growth factor). Recruitment of periendothelial cells is mediated by the interaction of Ang 1 with the Tie2 receptor on endothelial cells. PDGR (platelet-derived growth factor) induces recruitment of smooth muscle cells. Angiopoietin (Ang) 2 is involved in the remodeling process by blocking the stabilizing action of Ang

35
Q

What is the function of ANG 2?

A

Destabilizes vessels in the third step of angiogenesis

36
Q

What is the function of VEGF?

A

Increase the permeability of vessels in the first step of angiogenesis

37
Q

What is the function of metalloproteases?

A

Enzymes that degrade the basal lamina in the second step of angiogenesis

38
Q

What is the function of plasminogen activator?

A

Disrupts the intercellular junctions of the basal lamina in the second step of angiogenesis

39
Q

What is the precursor for the formation of vessels?

A

Capillary tubes formed by endothelial cells

40
Q

What is the function of TGF-beta

A

Elaborates the basal lamina of newly formed capillary tubes

41
Q

What is the function of ANG-1?

A

Stabilizes newly forming vessels

42
Q

What is the function of FGF-2?

A

Works with VEGF and causes unstable vessel endothelial cells to prolifeerate and migrate to the signal

43
Q

What is the function of tie2 receptor?

A

Expressed on the surface of endothelial cells, and binds to ANG-1

This then recruits smooth muscle cells or pericytes

44
Q

Is proangiogenesis or antiangiogenesis used for: MI?

45
Q

Is proangiogenesis or antiangiogenesis used for:peripheral ischemia?

46
Q

Is proangiogenesis or antiangiogenesis used for:tumor growth and metastases?

47
Q

Is proangiogenesis or antiangiogenesis used for: ocular nerve neovascularization?

48
Q

Is proangiogenesis or antiangiogenesis used for:birth control?

49
Q

Is proangiogenesis or antiangiogenesis used for: transplantation of islets of langerhands?

50
Q

Is proangiogenesis or antiangiogenesis used for: reconstruciv surgery?

51
Q

Is proangiogenesis or antiangiogenesis used for: would healing?

52
Q

Is proangiogenesis or antiangiogenesis used for: atheroscleotic plaque neovascularization?

53
Q

Is proangiogenesis or antiangiogenesis used for: hemangiomas?

54
Q

Is proangiogenesis or antiangiogenesis used for: cerebral ischemia?

55
Q

Is proangiogenesis or antiangiogenesis used for: DM ulcers?

56
Q

What is tumor endothelial marker 8? What is its clinical significance?

A

Chemical expressed only by tumor cells. Allows for targeting of these tumors via antiangiogenesis

57
Q

Why is the great saphenous vein used in CABGs?

A

Its tunica media is much thicker than other veins d/t two muscle layers

58
Q

What happens to the great saphenous vein after it is used for a CABG?

A

undergoes thickeing

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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