Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major elements of connective tissue?

A

Cells (Fixed and migratory)

ECM (fibers and ground substance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functional attributes of CT?

A
  1. Structure
  2. defense and protection
  3. nutrition
  4. fat deposition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

All of the different types of connective tissue cellsare derived from what type of cells?

A

Mesenchymal cells which are derived from mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the different type of connective tissue cells?

A
Chondroblasts
ADipocytes
Fibroblasts
Mesotheliacal cells
Endothelial cells
Osteoblasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Cells that have the machinery for the synthesis and secretion of fibers and ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are fibrocytes

A

Inactive fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How would one differentiate between active fibroblasts and inactive fibrocytes?

A

Look at euchromatin vs heterochromatin

Nucleus shape

Also, cellular organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do fibrocytes typically stain?

A

eosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When do fibroblasts divide?

A

may do so during wound healing. Otherwise nto often.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on fibroblasts?

A

Decreases activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When can you appreciate nucleoli in fibroblasts/fibrocytes?

A

When they are active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does the triple helical structure of collagen form in the cell?

A

rER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What maintains the solubility of procollagen?

A

Propeptides at either end of the collagen molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the steps of collagen synthesis?

A
  1. mRNA produced and translated
  2. collagen helicies warp around each other in rER
  3. procollagen transported to Golgi, where they are further processed
  4. Released from Golgi/cell in secretory vesicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the enzyme that removes the non-helical propeptides from the procollagen molecule? Where are they found?

A

Procollagen peptidases found in the Golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why would you want to cleave the propeptide ends from the procollagen molecule?

A

To make the collagen insoluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A lack of Vit C as in scurvy, affects what part of collagen synthesis?

A

hydroxylation of proline and lysine groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are myofibroblasts? Where do they become more numerous?

A

Cells that possess characteristics of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

More numerous in areas of wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What proteins are present in myofibroblasts?

A

Actin and myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Dupuytren’s contracture?

A

microvascular ischemia leads in trauma to the palmar aponeurosis. Tissue repair ensues involving fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Collagen type I replaced by type III. Contracture at the MP joints due to excess deposition of type III collagen and cross links with myofibroblasts. 4th and 5th digits most frequently involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two types of adiposites?

A

White and brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the composition of adipocytes?

A

Large lipid droplet inside a cell–produces signet ring appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the intermediate filament that projects into the lipid space of adipocytes?

A

Vimentin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What hormone do adipocytes secrete?

A

Leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mutations in leptin or receptor leads to what?

A

Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are lipodystrophies?

A

Abnormal distribution of fat on the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Defects in Lamin A and lamin C lead to what type of lipodystrophies?

A

Accumulations in the head and neck.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the major difference between white and brown adipocytes?

A

White store single large droplet,

Brown stores many droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why are brown adipocytes eosinophilic?

A

Have large amount of Mito

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why do brown adipocytes have a large amount of mitochondria?

A

To produce heat (newborns cannot shiver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the characteristic feature of mast cells?

A

metachromasia with toludene blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do the secretory granules of mast cells contain?

A

Histamine
Heparin
Hemotoxic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the receptor on mast cells that trigger mass secretion of the granules?

A

FC

34
Q

What are mast cells derived from?

A

Bone cells

35
Q

Where are mast cells principally located? Where are they not found?

A

in CT proper adjacent to blood vessels and in the subepithelial layers of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

Not found in nervous tissue.

36
Q

What do macrophages form from?

A

Stem cells to monoblasts, to monocytes

37
Q

Where do monocytes migrate to, to develop into macrophages?

A

from CT to blood stream

38
Q

What are the cytological attributes of macrophages?

A
  1. Oval nucleus with clumps of heterochromatin along the nuclear envelope; it is typically indented. It is eccentrically positioned in the cytoplasm.
  2. Well endowed with Golgi, rER, and lysosomes
39
Q

What are giant cells?

A

Macrophages that have fused together

40
Q

Langhans giant cells have what type of appearance?

A

Horseshoe nuclei at the periphery

41
Q

Giant cells are characterisitic of what?

A

Chronic inflammation

42
Q

What are the two types of migratory cells discussed in class?

A

Plasma cells

Leukocytes

43
Q

What are plasma cells derived from?

A

B lymphocytes

44
Q

What are the 3 signature features of a plasma cell?

A

Basophilia
Large negative Golgi
Clock face nucleus

45
Q

Through which pathway are antibodies secreted in B cells (constitutive or regulated)?

A

Constitutive pathway

46
Q

What do you not see in plasma cells?

A

Secratory vesicles

47
Q

What is the first cell type to migrate into the sites of inflammation? Second?

A
  1. Neutrophils (day 1)

2. macrophages (day 2)

48
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

Remove damaged tissue

49
Q

What are the two subclasses of embryonic tissue?

A

mesenchyme

Mucous

50
Q

What are the two subclasses of CT proper tissue

A

Loose

Dense (irregular or regular)

51
Q

What are the five subclasses of specialized CT?

A
  1. Adipose
  2. Reticular
  3. cartilage
  4. bone
  5. blood
52
Q

What types of collagen are found in mucous tissue?

A

I and III

53
Q

What type of fibers do you find in loose CT?

A

Elastic tissue
collagen
Reticular fibers

54
Q

What type of cells do you find in loose CT?

A
Fibroblasts
macrophages
adipocytes
mast cells
undifferetiated cells
55
Q

Where would you find loose connective tissue?

A

immediately deep to epithelium

surrounds blood vessels

56
Q

What type of fibers would you see in dense, regular collagenous CT?

A

Densely packed, parallel array of type I collagen

Scattered elastic fibers

57
Q

What type of cells would you see in dense, regular collagenous CT?

A

Scattered fibroblasts are flattened between the collagen bundles

58
Q

Where would you find dense, regular connective tissue?

A

Tendons
Ligaments
Aponeuroses

59
Q

If you have mucoid degeneration of the ACL, what will it look like?

A

A celery stalk

60
Q

What type of fibers would you find in dense, regular, elastic fibers?

A

Elastin forms thin sheets of fenestrated membranes

Elastic fibers branch and run parallel to one another

Collagen fibers are few

61
Q

What type of cells would you find in dense, regular, elastic fibers?

A

Scattered fibroblasts

62
Q

Where would you find dense, regular, elastic tissue?

A

Ligamenta flava

Suspensory ligament of the penis

Vocal ligament

Arteries

63
Q

What are the two structures made of elastin that are found within the walls of blood vessels?

A

Lamellae and laminae

64
Q

Where is the internal elastic lamina found?

A

Internal membrane of an artery

65
Q

Dense irregular CT has what type of fibers within it?

A

Tightly packed, type I collagen fibers oriented in many axes

Elastic fibers are interspersed

66
Q

Dense irregular CT has what type of cells within it?

A

Scattered fibroblasts

67
Q

Where would you find dense, irregular CT?

A

organ capsules
Dermis of the skin
Sleeve around nerves

68
Q

What happens to elastic tissue as it is exposed to UV light over time?

A

Damaged

69
Q

How much ground substance is in reticular tissue?

A

Little ground substance

70
Q

What type of fibers are in reticular tissue?

A

Reticular fibers (type III collagen)

71
Q

What type of cells are in reticular tissue?

A

Adipocytes

72
Q

Where would you find reticular CT?

A

Red bone marrow
Liver
Lymphatic tissues

73
Q

What are the:

  • ground substance
  • fibers
  • cells

found in adipose tissue?

A

Sparse ground substance
Reticular fibers
Adipocytes

74
Q

Where is adipose tissue found?

A

Subcuteneous areas, abdominal cavity

75
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of mesenchymal CT?

A
  1. Ground substance = gel with GAGs, and glycoproteins
  2. Scattered reticular
  3. cells= fibroblasts
  4. Embryonic intremembranous formation
76
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of mucous CT?

A
  1. Abundant, jelly with hyluronic acid and GAGs
  2. few collagen I and III
  3. Fibroblasts
  4. Umbilical cord as wharton’s jelly
77
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of loose CT?

A
  1. abundant, with hyal acid and Glycoproteins
  2. loose collagen, reticular and elastic
  3. fibroblasts, macrophages, masts, undiff
  4. Lies deep to epithelum
78
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of dense regular collagenous CT?

A
  1. Sparse with hyal, GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoprotins
  2. Dense parallel arrary of Collagen I with scattered elastic fibers
  3. Scattered fibroblasts between collagen
  4. Tendons ligaments, aponeuroses
79
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of Dense, regular ELASTIC connective tissue?

A
  1. Sparse with everything
  2. Elastin sheets, with few collagen
  3. Scatted fibroblasts
  4. ligamenta flava
80
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of reticular CT?

A
  1. little ground subtanse
  2. Reticular
  3. reticuloycytes
  4. red bone marrow, liver, lymph
81
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of adipose CT?

A
  1. sparse
  2. reticular fibers
  3. adipocytes
  4. subcutaneous areas
82
Q

What are the two places that connetive tissue is derived from in development?

A

Mesoderm

Ectoderm (neural crest)