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Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major elements of connective tissue?

A

Cells (Fixed and migratory)

ECM (fibers and ground substance)

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2
Q

What are the functional attributes of CT?

A
  1. Structure
  2. defense and protection
  3. nutrition
  4. fat deposition
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3
Q

All of the different types of connective tissue cellsare derived from what type of cells?

A

Mesenchymal cells which are derived from mesoderm

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4
Q

What are the different type of connective tissue cells?

A 
Chondroblasts
ADipocytes
Fibroblasts
Mesotheliacal cells
Endothelial cells
Osteoblasts
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5
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Cells that have the machinery for the synthesis and secretion of fibers and ground substance

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6
Q

What are fibrocytes

A

Inactive fibroblasts

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7
Q

How would one differentiate between active fibroblasts and inactive fibrocytes?

A

Look at euchromatin vs heterochromatin

Nucleus shape

Also, cellular organelles

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8
Q

What do fibrocytes typically stain?

A

eosin

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9
Q

When do fibroblasts divide?

A

may do so during wound healing. Otherwise nto often.

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10
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on fibroblasts?

A

Decreases activity

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11
Q

When can you appreciate nucleoli in fibroblasts/fibrocytes?

A

When they are active

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12
Q

Where does the triple helical structure of collagen form in the cell?

A

rER

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13
Q

What maintains the solubility of procollagen?

A

Propeptides at either end of the collagen molecule

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14
Q

What are the steps of collagen synthesis?

A
  1. mRNA produced and translated
  2. collagen helicies warp around each other in rER
  3. procollagen transported to Golgi, where they are further processed
  4. Released from Golgi/cell in secretory vesicles
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15
Q

What is the enzyme that removes the non-helical propeptides from the procollagen molecule? Where are they found?

A

Procollagen peptidases found in the Golgi

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16
Q

Why would you want to cleave the propeptide ends from the procollagen molecule?

A

To make the collagen insoluble

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17
Q

A lack of Vit C as in scurvy, affects what part of collagen synthesis?

A

hydroxylation of proline and lysine groups

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18
Q

What are myofibroblasts? Where do they become more numerous?

A

Cells that possess characteristics of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

More numerous in areas of wound healing

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19
Q

What proteins are present in myofibroblasts?

A

Actin and myosin

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20
Q

What is Dupuytren’s contracture?

A

microvascular ischemia leads in trauma to the palmar aponeurosis. Tissue repair ensues involving fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Collagen type I replaced by type III. Contracture at the MP joints due to excess deposition of type III collagen and cross links with myofibroblasts. 4th and 5th digits most frequently involved

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21
Q

What are the two types of adiposites?

A

White and brown

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22
Q

What is the composition of adipocytes?

A

Large lipid droplet inside a cell–produces signet ring appearance

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23
Q

What is the intermediate filament that projects into the lipid space of adipocytes?

A

Vimentin

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24
Q

What hormone do adipocytes secrete?

A

Leptin

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25
Mutations in leptin or receptor leads to what?
Obesity
26
What are lipodystrophies?
Abnormal distribution of fat on the body
27
Defects in Lamin A and lamin C lead to what type of lipodystrophies?
Accumulations in the head and neck.
28
What is the major difference between white and brown adipocytes?
White store single large droplet, Brown stores many droplets
29
Why are brown adipocytes eosinophilic?
Have large amount of Mito
30
Why do brown adipocytes have a large amount of mitochondria?
To produce heat (newborns cannot shiver)
31
What is the characteristic feature of mast cells?
metachromasia with toludene blue
32
What do the secretory granules of mast cells contain?
Histamine Heparin Hemotoxic factors
33
What is the receptor on mast cells that trigger mass secretion of the granules?
FC
34
What are mast cells derived from?
Bone cells
35
Where are mast cells principally located? Where are they not found?
in CT proper adjacent to blood vessels and in the subepithelial layers of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Not found in nervous tissue.
36
What do macrophages form from?
Stem cells to monoblasts, to monocytes
37
Where do monocytes migrate to, to develop into macrophages?
from CT to blood stream
38
What are the cytological attributes of macrophages?
1. Oval nucleus with clumps of heterochromatin along the nuclear envelope; it is typically indented. It is eccentrically positioned in the cytoplasm. 2. Well endowed with Golgi, rER, and lysosomes
39
What are giant cells?
Macrophages that have fused together
40
Langhans giant cells have what type of appearance?
Horseshoe nuclei at the periphery
41
Giant cells are characterisitic of what?
Chronic inflammation
42
What are the two types of migratory cells discussed in class?
Plasma cells | Leukocytes
43
What are plasma cells derived from?
B lymphocytes
44
What are the 3 signature features of a plasma cell?
Basophilia Large negative Golgi Clock face nucleus
45
Through which pathway are antibodies secreted in B cells (constitutive or regulated)?
Constitutive pathway
46
What do you not see in plasma cells?
Secratory vesicles
47
What is the first cell type to migrate into the sites of inflammation? Second?
1. Neutrophils (day 1) | 2. macrophages (day 2)
48
What is the role of neutrophils?
Remove damaged tissue
49
What are the two subclasses of embryonic tissue?
mesenchyme | Mucous
50
What are the two subclasses of CT proper tissue
Loose | Dense (irregular or regular)
51
What are the five subclasses of specialized CT?
1. Adipose 2. Reticular 3. cartilage 4. bone 5. blood
52
What types of collagen are found in mucous tissue?
I and III
53
What type of fibers do you find in loose CT?
Elastic tissue collagen Reticular fibers
54
What type of cells do you find in loose CT?
``` Fibroblasts macrophages adipocytes mast cells undifferetiated cells ```
55
Where would you find loose connective tissue?
immediately deep to epithelium surrounds blood vessels
56
What type of fibers would you see in dense, regular collagenous CT?
Densely packed, parallel array of type I collagen Scattered elastic fibers
57
What type of cells would you see in dense, regular collagenous CT?
Scattered fibroblasts are flattened between the collagen bundles
58
Where would you find dense, regular connective tissue?
Tendons Ligaments Aponeuroses
59
If you have mucoid degeneration of the ACL, what will it look like?
A celery stalk
60
What type of fibers would you find in dense, regular, elastic fibers?
Elastin forms thin sheets of fenestrated membranes Elastic fibers branch and run parallel to one another Collagen fibers are few
61
What type of cells would you find in dense, regular, elastic fibers?
Scattered fibroblasts
62
Where would you find dense, regular, elastic tissue?
Ligamenta flava Suspensory ligament of the penis Vocal ligament Arteries
63
What are the two structures made of elastin that are found within the walls of blood vessels?
Lamellae and laminae
64
Where is the internal elastic lamina found?
Internal membrane of an artery
65
Dense irregular CT has what type of fibers within it?
Tightly packed, type I collagen fibers oriented in many axes Elastic fibers are interspersed
66
Dense irregular CT has what type of cells within it?
Scattered fibroblasts
67
Where would you find dense, irregular CT?
organ capsules Dermis of the skin Sleeve around nerves
68
What happens to elastic tissue as it is exposed to UV light over time?
Damaged
69
How much ground substance is in reticular tissue?
Little ground substance
70
What type of fibers are in reticular tissue?
Reticular fibers (type III collagen)
71
What type of cells are in reticular tissue?
Adipocytes
72
Where would you find reticular CT?
Red bone marrow Liver Lymphatic tissues
73
What are the: - ground substance - fibers - cells found in adipose tissue?
Sparse ground substance Reticular fibers Adipocytes
74
Where is adipose tissue found?
Subcuteneous areas, abdominal cavity
75
What is the: 1. ground substance 2. fibers 3. cells 4. Location of mesenchymal CT?
1. Ground substance = gel with GAGs, and glycoproteins 2. Scattered reticular 3. cells= fibroblasts 4. Embryonic intremembranous formation
76
What is the: 1. ground substance 2. fibers 3. cells 4. Location of mucous CT?
1. Abundant, jelly with hyluronic acid and GAGs 2. few collagen I and III 3. Fibroblasts 4. Umbilical cord as wharton's jelly
77
What is the: 1. ground substance 2. fibers 3. cells 4. Location of loose CT?
1. abundant, with hyal acid and Glycoproteins 2. loose collagen, reticular and elastic 3. fibroblasts, macrophages, masts, undiff 4. Lies deep to epithelum
78
What is the: 1. ground substance 2. fibers 3. cells 4. Location of dense regular collagenous CT?
1. Sparse with hyal, GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoprotins 2. Dense parallel arrary of Collagen I with scattered elastic fibers 3. Scattered fibroblasts between collagen 4. Tendons ligaments, aponeuroses
79
What is the: 1. ground substance 2. fibers 3. cells 4. Location of Dense, regular ELASTIC connective tissue?
1. Sparse with everything 2. Elastin sheets, with few collagen 3. Scatted fibroblasts 4. ligamenta flava
80
What is the: 1. ground substance 2. fibers 3. cells 4. Location of reticular CT?
1. little ground subtanse 2. Reticular 3. reticuloycytes 4. red bone marrow, liver, lymph
81
What is the: 1. ground substance 2. fibers 3. cells 4. Location of adipose CT?
1. sparse 2. reticular fibers 3. adipocytes 4. subcutaneous areas
82
What are the two places that connetive tissue is derived from in development?
Mesoderm | Ectoderm (neural crest)

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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