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Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major elements of connective tissue?

A

Cells (Fixed and migratory)

ECM (fibers and ground substance)

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2
Q

What are the functional attributes of CT?

A
  1. Structure
  2. defense and protection
  3. nutrition
  4. fat deposition
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3
Q

All of the different types of connective tissue cellsare derived from what type of cells?

A

Mesenchymal cells which are derived from mesoderm

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4
Q

What are the different type of connective tissue cells?

A 
Chondroblasts
ADipocytes
Fibroblasts
Mesotheliacal cells
Endothelial cells
Osteoblasts
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5
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Cells that have the machinery for the synthesis and secretion of fibers and ground substance

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6
Q

What are fibrocytes

A

Inactive fibroblasts

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7
Q

How would one differentiate between active fibroblasts and inactive fibrocytes?

A

Look at euchromatin vs heterochromatin

Nucleus shape

Also, cellular organelles

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8
Q

What do fibrocytes typically stain?

A

eosin

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9
Q

When do fibroblasts divide?

A

may do so during wound healing. Otherwise nto often.

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10
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on fibroblasts?

A

Decreases activity

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11
Q

When can you appreciate nucleoli in fibroblasts/fibrocytes?

A

When they are active

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12
Q

Where does the triple helical structure of collagen form in the cell?

A

rER

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13
Q

What maintains the solubility of procollagen?

A

Propeptides at either end of the collagen molecule

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14
Q

What are the steps of collagen synthesis?

A
  1. mRNA produced and translated
  2. collagen helicies warp around each other in rER
  3. procollagen transported to Golgi, where they are further processed
  4. Released from Golgi/cell in secretory vesicles
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15
Q

What is the enzyme that removes the non-helical propeptides from the procollagen molecule? Where are they found?

A

Procollagen peptidases found in the Golgi

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16
Q

Why would you want to cleave the propeptide ends from the procollagen molecule?

A

To make the collagen insoluble

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17
Q

A lack of Vit C as in scurvy, affects what part of collagen synthesis?

A

hydroxylation of proline and lysine groups

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18
Q

What are myofibroblasts? Where do they become more numerous?

A

Cells that possess characteristics of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

More numerous in areas of wound healing

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19
Q

What proteins are present in myofibroblasts?

A

Actin and myosin

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20
Q

What is Dupuytren’s contracture?

A

microvascular ischemia leads in trauma to the palmar aponeurosis. Tissue repair ensues involving fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Collagen type I replaced by type III. Contracture at the MP joints due to excess deposition of type III collagen and cross links with myofibroblasts. 4th and 5th digits most frequently involved

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21
Q

What are the two types of adiposites?

A

White and brown

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22
Q

What is the composition of adipocytes?

A

Large lipid droplet inside a cell–produces signet ring appearance

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23
Q

What is the intermediate filament that projects into the lipid space of adipocytes?

A

Vimentin

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24
Q

What hormone do adipocytes secrete?

A

Leptin

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25
Q

Mutations in leptin or receptor leads to what?

A

Obesity

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26
Q

What are lipodystrophies?

A

Abnormal distribution of fat on the body

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27
Q

Defects in Lamin A and lamin C lead to what type of lipodystrophies?

A

Accumulations in the head and neck.

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28
Q

What is the major difference between white and brown adipocytes?

A

White store single large droplet,

Brown stores many droplets

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29
Q

Why are brown adipocytes eosinophilic?

A

Have large amount of Mito

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30
Q

Why do brown adipocytes have a large amount of mitochondria?

A

To produce heat (newborns cannot shiver)

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31
Q

What is the characteristic feature of mast cells?

A

metachromasia with toludene blue

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32
Q

What do the secretory granules of mast cells contain?

A

Histamine
Heparin
Hemotoxic factors

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33
Q

What is the receptor on mast cells that trigger mass secretion of the granules?

34
Q

What are mast cells derived from?

A

Bone cells

35
Q

Where are mast cells principally located? Where are they not found?

A

in CT proper adjacent to blood vessels and in the subepithelial layers of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

Not found in nervous tissue.

36
Q

What do macrophages form from?

A

Stem cells to monoblasts, to monocytes

37
Q

Where do monocytes migrate to, to develop into macrophages?

A

from CT to blood stream

38
Q

What are the cytological attributes of macrophages?

A
  1. Oval nucleus with clumps of heterochromatin along the nuclear envelope; it is typically indented. It is eccentrically positioned in the cytoplasm.
  2. Well endowed with Golgi, rER, and lysosomes
39
Q

What are giant cells?

A

Macrophages that have fused together

40
Q

Langhans giant cells have what type of appearance?

A

Horseshoe nuclei at the periphery

41
Q

Giant cells are characterisitic of what?

A

Chronic inflammation

42
Q

What are the two types of migratory cells discussed in class?

A

Plasma cells

Leukocytes

43
Q

What are plasma cells derived from?

A

B lymphocytes

44
Q

What are the 3 signature features of a plasma cell?

A

Basophilia
Large negative Golgi
Clock face nucleus

45
Q

Through which pathway are antibodies secreted in B cells (constitutive or regulated)?

A

Constitutive pathway

46
Q

What do you not see in plasma cells?

A

Secratory vesicles

47
Q

What is the first cell type to migrate into the sites of inflammation? Second?

A
  1. Neutrophils (day 1)

2. macrophages (day 2)

48
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

Remove damaged tissue

49
Q

What are the two subclasses of embryonic tissue?

A

mesenchyme

Mucous

50
Q

What are the two subclasses of CT proper tissue

A

Loose

Dense (irregular or regular)

51
Q

What are the five subclasses of specialized CT?

A
  1. Adipose
  2. Reticular
  3. cartilage
  4. bone
  5. blood
52
Q

What types of collagen are found in mucous tissue?

53
Q

What type of fibers do you find in loose CT?

A

Elastic tissue
collagen
Reticular fibers

54
Q

What type of cells do you find in loose CT?

A 
Fibroblasts
macrophages
adipocytes
mast cells
undifferetiated cells
55
Q

Where would you find loose connective tissue?

A

immediately deep to epithelium

surrounds blood vessels

56
Q

What type of fibers would you see in dense, regular collagenous CT?

A

Densely packed, parallel array of type I collagen

Scattered elastic fibers

57
Q

What type of cells would you see in dense, regular collagenous CT?

A

Scattered fibroblasts are flattened between the collagen bundles

58
Q

Where would you find dense, regular connective tissue?

A

Tendons
Ligaments
Aponeuroses

59
Q

If you have mucoid degeneration of the ACL, what will it look like?

A

A celery stalk

60
Q

What type of fibers would you find in dense, regular, elastic fibers?

A

Elastin forms thin sheets of fenestrated membranes

Elastic fibers branch and run parallel to one another

Collagen fibers are few

61
Q

What type of cells would you find in dense, regular, elastic fibers?

A

Scattered fibroblasts

62
Q

Where would you find dense, regular, elastic tissue?

A

Ligamenta flava

Suspensory ligament of the penis

Vocal ligament

Arteries

63
Q

What are the two structures made of elastin that are found within the walls of blood vessels?

A

Lamellae and laminae

64
Q

Where is the internal elastic lamina found?

A

Internal membrane of an artery

65
Q

Dense irregular CT has what type of fibers within it?

A

Tightly packed, type I collagen fibers oriented in many axes

Elastic fibers are interspersed

66
Q

Dense irregular CT has what type of cells within it?

A

Scattered fibroblasts

67
Q

Where would you find dense, irregular CT?

A

organ capsules
Dermis of the skin
Sleeve around nerves

68
Q

What happens to elastic tissue as it is exposed to UV light over time?

69
Q

How much ground substance is in reticular tissue?

A

Little ground substance

70
Q

What type of fibers are in reticular tissue?

A

Reticular fibers (type III collagen)

71
Q

What type of cells are in reticular tissue?

A

Adipocytes

72
Q

Where would you find reticular CT?

A

Red bone marrow
Liver
Lymphatic tissues

73
Q

What are the:

  • ground substance
  • fibers
  • cells

found in adipose tissue?

A

Sparse ground substance
Reticular fibers
Adipocytes

74
Q

Where is adipose tissue found?

A

Subcuteneous areas, abdominal cavity

75
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of mesenchymal CT?

A
  1. Ground substance = gel with GAGs, and glycoproteins
  2. Scattered reticular
  3. cells= fibroblasts
  4. Embryonic intremembranous formation
76
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of mucous CT?

A
  1. Abundant, jelly with hyluronic acid and GAGs
  2. few collagen I and III
  3. Fibroblasts
  4. Umbilical cord as wharton’s jelly
77
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of loose CT?

A
  1. abundant, with hyal acid and Glycoproteins
  2. loose collagen, reticular and elastic
  3. fibroblasts, macrophages, masts, undiff
  4. Lies deep to epithelum
78
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of dense regular collagenous CT?

A
  1. Sparse with hyal, GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoprotins
  2. Dense parallel arrary of Collagen I with scattered elastic fibers
  3. Scattered fibroblasts between collagen
  4. Tendons ligaments, aponeuroses
79
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of Dense, regular ELASTIC connective tissue?

A
  1. Sparse with everything
  2. Elastin sheets, with few collagen
  3. Scatted fibroblasts
  4. ligamenta flava
80
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of reticular CT?

A
  1. little ground subtanse
  2. Reticular
  3. reticuloycytes
  4. red bone marrow, liver, lymph
81
Q

What is the:

  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. cells
  4. Location

of adipose CT?

A
  1. sparse
  2. reticular fibers
  3. adipocytes
  4. subcutaneous areas
82
Q

What are the two places that connetive tissue is derived from in development?

A

Mesoderm

Ectoderm (neural crest)

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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