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Eye II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

Site where the optic nerve joins the retina

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2
Q

What does the fovea centralis contain?

A

Cones

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3
Q

What is the point on the retina where it is liable to detach?

A

The RPE

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4
Q

What is the area that sits right above the choroid in the retina?

A

RPE

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5
Q

What is the function of the RPE?

A

Control the release/absorption of metabolites from the choroid

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6
Q

What are the four groups of cells in the retina?

A
  1. photoreceptors
  2. conducting neurons
  3. association and other neurons
  4. Supporting cells
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7
Q

True or false: the cones and rods directly synapse with the optic nerve

A

False–they synapse with bipolar cells

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8
Q

Where are the ganglion for the rods and cones located?

A

On the surface of the retina (faces vitreous humor).

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9
Q

What is the neural pathway from the cones to the optic nerve?

A
  1. rods/cones
  2. bipolar cells
  3. ganglion
  4. Optic nerve
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10
Q

What are the three types of supporting cells of the retina? What are each of their functions?

A

Muller’s - diffuse nutrients to rods and cones

Microglial -cleaner

Astrocytes - cleaner

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11
Q

What type of epithelium is in the RPE? What does it contain?

A

Simple cuboidal

Melanin

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12
Q

Where is the RPE in the retina (relation to other layers)?

A

Sits on top of Bruch’s membrane

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13
Q

What are the four functions of the RPE?

A
  1. Light absorption
  2. Blood-retina barrier
  3. Restore photosensitivity
  4. Dispose of membranous discs
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14
Q

What are the ten layers of the retina, starting at the choroid?

A
  1. RPE
  2. Layer of rods and cones
  3. Outer limiting membrane
  4. Outer nuclear layer
  5. Outer plexiform layer
  6. Inner nuclear layer
  7. Inner plexiform layer
  8. Ganglion cell layer
  9. Layer of optic nerve
  10. Inner limiting membrane
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15
Q

What is the first layer of the retina (above the choroid)?

A

RPE

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16
Q

What type of epithelial cells are in the RPE? What specializations do they have? What are these used for?

A

Simple cuboidal with microvilli, that mesh with the rods and cones, as well as melanin

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17
Q

What is the second layer of the retina, above the RPE?

A

Layer of rods and cones

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18
Q

What is in the inner segment of rods and cones?

A

Mitochondria, golgi

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19
Q

Where are the photosensitive discs in rons and cones?

A

In the outer segment of rods/cones, close to the RPE

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20
Q

What are more numerous: rods or cones?

A

Rods

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21
Q

What is retinal?

A

Vitamin A

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22
Q

What is the chemical changes that takes place in rods? What is the key chemical produced?

A

Retinal to retinol

Rodoxin

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23
Q

What are the packing cells that pack around rods and cones, and provides support?

A

Muller cells

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24
Q

Light induces what change in rods and cones?

A

Hyperpolarization (NOT depolarization)

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25
Q

What is different about the plasma membrane of cones compared to rods?

A

It is not continuous in cones

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26
Q

The apical part of the Muller cells form what histological structure?

A

The outer limiting layer

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27
Q

What is the third layer of the retina?

A

The outer limiting membrane

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28
Q

What is the fourth layer of retina?

A

Cell bodies of rods and cones

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29
Q

What layer sits above the cell bodies of rods and cones? What does it contain?

A

The outerplexiform layer, composed of the synapses between the rods and cones, and the bipolar cells

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30
Q

How many bipolar neurons synapse with rods? Cones?

A

100s for rods, 1 for cones

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31
Q

What is the sixth layer of the retina? (sits above the outer plexiform layer)

A

The cell bodies of the bipolar cells

32
Q

What is the fifth layer of the retina?

A

Outer plexiform layer

33
Q

What is the seventh layer of the retina, that sits above the bipolar cell bodies? What does this area contain?

A

The inner plexiform layer, which contains the synapses between the bipolar cell bodies, and the ganglions

34
Q

What is the eighth cells layer of the retina (sits above the inner plexiform layer)?

A

The ganglion cell layer

35
Q

What is the ninth layer of the retina (sits above the ganglion layer)?

A

The optic nerve fibers

36
Q

What is the tenth and final layer of the retina? What forms this area?

A

The inner limiting membrane, which is composed of the ends of Muller cells

37
Q

Where do retinal detachments occur?

A

between the RPE and the rods and cones

38
Q

What is lacking in the fovea?

A

The ganglion of the 9th cell layer

39
Q

What is the cause of diabetic retinopathy?

A

Elevated sugar levels cause neovascularization and eventual rupture

40
Q

What is age related macular degeneration?

A

genetic, multifactorial disease that causes the development of drusen bodies

41
Q

What are drusen bodies?

A

Lipid deposit near the macula above the RPE

42
Q

What are the three parts of the crystalline lens?

A
  1. Lens capsule
  2. Subcaosular epithelium
  3. Lens fibers
43
Q

Where are lens fibers made in the lens?

A

At the equatorial zones on the edges of the lens

44
Q

What is the protein that is found in lens fibers?

A

Crystalline

45
Q

What type of epithelium comprises the subcapsular layer of the lens? What are the junctions between these cells?

A

Simple cuboidal

Gap junctions

46
Q

What are the two types of fibers within the lens capsule?

A

Basal lamina

Collagen IV

47
Q

What is dry AMD caused by?

A

Breakdown/thinning of RPE cells. (drusen bodies here)

48
Q

What is wet AMD caused by?

A

Membrane under the retina thickens, disrupting blood supply to macula

49
Q

What are mature lens fibers composed of?

A

Dead cells that do not have nuclei, and are filled with crystalline

50
Q

What is the cause of cataracts?

A

Aging of the lens and loss of ability to make new fibers

51
Q

Is the lens vascular or avascular?

52
Q

What is the coposition of the vitreous body?

A

Water, collagen, GAGs, hyalocytes

53
Q

What is the type of epithelium that comprises the onjunctiva?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

54
Q

What is the secretion produced by the goblet cells of the conjunctiva?

A

Tear film to preven sticking

55
Q

What are the two parts of the conjunctiva?

A

Palpebral part, and the bulbar part

56
Q

What is the area of reflection of the eyelid onto the sclera?

A

The fornix

57
Q

What is the function of meibomain (tarsal) glands?

A

Produce lipid substance to prevent eyelids from sticking

58
Q

Infection of the tarsal glands leads to the development of what?

59
Q

What is the key chemical in rods? In cones?

A

Rodopsin in rods

Iodopsin in cones

60
Q

What are the functions of the RPE?

A
  1. Light absorption
  2. blood-retina barrier
  3. metabolic processes n restoration of photosensitivity
  4. phagocytosis and disposal of membranous discs from rods and cones
61
Q

The outer segments of rods and cones are specialized forms of what?

A

Specialized dendrites

62
Q

What happens to Rodopsin when it is eposed to light?

63
Q

What does the inner segment of cones and rods contain?

A

Metabolic machinery

64
Q

What is the outer membrane?

A

Third layer that is formed by the apical ends of muller cells (not an actual “membrane”)

65
Q

What is the junction between Muller cells?

66
Q

What does the outer nuclear layer of the retina contain?

A

Nuclei of the rods and cones

67
Q

What does the outer plexiform layer of the retina contain?

A

Synapses between photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells

68
Q

What is the funtion of bipolar cells?

A

Summate the signals from rods

69
Q

What does the inner nuclear layer of the retina contain?

A

Nuclei of bipolar, horizontal, amacrine, interplexiform and Muller cells

70
Q

What does the inner plexiform layer of the retina contain?

A

Synapses between processes of bipolar, ganglion, interplexiform and amacrine cells

71
Q

What does the ganglion cell layer of the retina contain?

A

Cell bodies of the ganglia

72
Q

In the macula lutea, how many connections are there between each bipolar cell to the ganglion cells?

A

One-to-one

73
Q

What forms the inner limiting membrane of the retina?

A

Basal laminae of muller cells

74
Q

What is the type of epithelium of the conjunctiva?

A

Stratified columnar with goblet cells

75
Q

What is the type of CT of conjunctiva?

76
Q

What are the two parts of the conjunctiva?

A

Palpebral and bulbar

77
Q

What are the glands of Zeis?

A

sebaceous glands in the eyelid that open into the eyelid follicle

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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