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Cell and tissue > Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hormone that is synthesized in the hypothalamus, travels to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and causes the release of gonadotropin?

A

gonadotropin – releasing hormone (Gn – RH)

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2
Q

What are the three vessels/plexuses that transport hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A

The primary capillary plexus, the hypophyseal portal veins, and the secondary capillary plexus

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3
Q

What are the cells in the anterior pituitary the secrete FSH and LH? Are they acidophils or basophils?

A

Gonadotropes - basophils

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4
Q

What are the two hormones that affect ovarian function?

A

LH and FSH

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5
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

the maturation of an ovarian follicle and prepares the enclosed oocyte for ovulation.

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6
Q

What part of the oocyte produces estrogen and progesterone?

A

Granulosa cells

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7
Q

What is the function of the estrogen and progesterone produced by the oocytes?

A

Synthesis of the endometrial lining

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8
Q

When do LH ad SH levels spike? What coincides with this?

A

Day 13 (midcycle), release of the oocyte

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9
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulate the maturation of folicles in the ovary

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10
Q

What happens to the remaining granulosa cells after the ooyte leaves the ovary?

A

Turn into Corpus Luteum

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11
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates the formation of the Corpus luteum

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12
Q

What are the relative levels of progesterone and estrogen from day 1-12ish?

A

Low

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13
Q

When do estrogen levels spike?

A

Day 12, falls, then rises after day 15.

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14
Q

When do progesterone levels spike?

A

Day 15

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15
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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16
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

A

Produces estrogen and progesterone

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17
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if there is implantation? What if there is not?

A

No implantation = degenerates after 14 days, to become the corpus albuginea

Implantation = sticks around and does its thing until late pregnancy

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18
Q

What is the signal for the corpus luteum to stick around? What produces this?

A

hCG from the syncytiotrophoblast

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19
Q

What is below the endometrium? Is this layer shed?

A

Basal layer, which is not shed

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20
Q

What are the two types of cells that comprise the CL, and secrete estrogen/prgesterone?

A

Follicle granulosa and Theca cells

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21
Q

What is the epithelium of the ovary called? What type of epithelium is it?

A

Germinal epithelium

Simple squamous or cuboidal epithelium (mesothelium).

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22
Q

What is the whitish capsule that surrounds an ovary? What is it made of?

A

Tunica albuginea made of dense, irr CT

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23
Q

What is region that is immediately deep to the tunica albuginea? What is contained within this region?

A

Cortical region made up of the stroma and ovarian follicles

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24
Q

What is the stroma of the ovarian? What is it made of?

A

CT layer of the cortical region made of smooth muscle fibers

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25
Q

Where do oocytes matures?

A

In the cortical region of the ovary

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26
Q

What is present in the medulla of the ovary?

A

Loose CT, blood and lymph

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27
Q

What happens to the surface of an ovary as women mature?

A

Dimples d/t deposition of collagen where follicles were

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28
Q

What is the process by which mature ova are produced?

A

Oogenesis

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29
Q

What layer do ovarian CAs usually develop from?

A

The germinal epithelium

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30
Q

How is DNA content written?

A

1d, 2d or 4d

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31
Q

What does 1 d mean?

A

amount of DNA in 23 single chromatid chromosomes

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32
Q

What does 2d mean?

A

= amount of DNA in 23 double chromatid

OR amount of DNA in 46 single chromatid chromosomes

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33
Q

What does 4d mean?

A

amount of DNA in 46 double chromatid chromosomes

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34
Q

How many meiotic divisions are necessary for meiosis?

A

2

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35
Q

What happens prior to meiosis I in oocyte development?

A

S phase duplicates to form 46 double chromatids. (then G2)

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36
Q

When does meiosis I begin in oogenesis?

A

Prenatally

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37
Q

When does meiosis I stop prenatally? When does it resume?

A

Stops at prophase. Resumes just prior to ovulation.

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38
Q

When a primodial germ cells enters meiosis I, what is it then called?

A

A primary oocyte

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39
Q

How many follicles mature during ovulation? How many are released (normally)?

A

Many mature, 1 released

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40
Q

What is the DNA composition of a primary follicle (in terms of D and N number)?

A

2n, 4d

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41
Q

What is the DNA composition of a seondary follicle (in terms of D and N number)?

A

1n-2d

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42
Q

What is the cell that results at the end of meiosis I on oogenesis?

A

Secondary oocyte

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43
Q

When does Meiosis II begin in oogenesis?

A

Right after Meiosis I

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44
Q

When does Meiosis II stop in oogenesis?

A

Metaphase II

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45
Q

What is released into the uterine tube: a primary or secondary oocyte? Which part of meiosis is it suspended in? What are the associated N and D numbers?

A

Secondary oocyte suspended at metaphase II

1n-2d

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46
Q

When does meiosis II resume from stopping at metaphase II in the secondary oocyte?

A

When it is fertilized by a sperm

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47
Q

What is the N and D number associated with a mature ovum?

A

1n, 1d

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48
Q

When is the first polar body formed in oogenesis? What about the next two?

A

First one at end of meiosis 1, next two during meiosis II

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49
Q

When does follicle development begin in a human?

A

At puberty

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50
Q

What is the next cell type in the process of oogenesis after primordial germ cell? What are the N and D numbers associated with this stage? What is the process that occurs after this?

A

Oogonia, 2n-2d

S phase is next

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51
Q

Where do primordial germ cells arise from?

A

Umbilical vesicle

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52
Q

What happens after an oogonia undergoes S phase?

A

Turns to a primary oocyte with 2n, 4d

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53
Q

What comprises an ovarian follicle?

A

Oocyte surrounded by a layer of epithelial (follicular/granulosa) cells

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54
Q

What stimulates follicles to be released?

A

FSH

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55
Q

What type of oocyte is present in primoridal follicles? Primary and secondary follicles?

A

Primary oocyte stuck in prophase I

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56
Q

What are the stages of maturation of a follicle?

A
  1. Primordial follicle
  2. unilaminar primary follicle
  3. Multilaminar primary follicle
  4. Antral follicle
  5. Mature (graafian) follicle
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57
Q

What chemical stimulate a primary/unilaminar follicle to mature?

A

Activin

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58
Q

What is the first step in maturation of a follicle after it has been activated?

A

Stratification

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59
Q

What is the zona pelludica?

A

an acellular, gel-like (viscous) membrane that begins to form in the primordial follicle, and grows throughout the maturation process

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60
Q

What happens to the follicular cells going from the primodrial stage to the unilaminar stage?

A

Goes from simple squamous to simple cuboidal

61
Q

What is the difference between follicular cells and granulosa cells?

A

Same cells, but change names when changes from simple cuboidal to stratified

62
Q

What type of junctions exist between granulosa cells, and between granulosa cells and the oocyte?

A

gap junctinos

63
Q

What specialization do granulosa cells have to suspend the oocyte?

A

Filopodia

64
Q

What specialization do oocytes have that contact the filopodia of the granulosa cells?

A

Microvilli

65
Q

What is the theca iterna made up of?

A

Endocrine cells

66
Q

What type of receptors do theca interna cells have?

A

LH receptors

67
Q

What do theca interna cells produce? Where does this go, and what happens to it?

A

Androstenedione, which is converted to estradiol by granulosa cells

68
Q

What is the theca externa?

A

Dense Collagenous CT that forms a basket around the follicle

69
Q

What is characteristic of an antral (secondary) follicle?

A

antral spaces fillied with GAGs, proteins, etc

70
Q

What is the cumulus oophorus?

A

The pedestal of cells that holds the oocyte in the mature follicle

71
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

The layer of granulosa cells that surrounds an oocyte

72
Q

What stimulate the proliferation of granulosa cells, and thus enlargement of the follicle?

A

Estrogen

73
Q

Is a BL present around primordial follicles?

A

Yes, but not easily observed with LM

74
Q

What causes Meiosis I to finish?

A

The LH spike

75
Q

What happens when the oocyte is stimulated by the LH spike and undergoes Meiosis II to metaphase?

A

Loses connection with the granulosa cells, and floats in the liquor folliculi

76
Q

What are follicular stigma?

A

Clear, pale spots on the ovary follicle d/t decreased blood flow

77
Q

What is the corona radiata made of?

A

Granulosa cells

78
Q

What happens to the folliular stigma?

A

Proteases come and destroy the area to allow for the oocyte to leave

79
Q

What two cells go on to form the corpus luteum?

A

Granulosa and thecal cells

80
Q

How long does the corpus luteum last if there is no implantation of the oocyte? What does it then turn into?

A

From day 15 to 28, when it then becomes the corpus albegina

81
Q

When in the mentrual cycle does implantation occur?

A

Day 20-21

82
Q

How long does it take for the syncytiotrophoblast to develop after fertilization?

A

7 days

83
Q

What is the basis of UPTs?

A

hCG in the urine

84
Q

What happens to the theca interna cells after implantation? Granuloca cells?

A

Differentiate into theca lutein and granulosa lutein cells forming the CL

85
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

The dense CT scar formed after the corpus luteum regresses following menstruation or pregnancy

86
Q

What are the white areas inside the corpus luteum cells seen at the LM level?

A

Lipids

87
Q

What are the three glycoporteins that are present in the zona pellucida?

A

ZP-1, ZP-2 and ZP-3 glycoproteins.

88
Q

What is the function of ZP-3?

A

serves as the spermatozoa-binding receptor and induces the acrosome reaction

89
Q

What is the function of ZP-2?

A

secondary spermatozoa-binding protein

90
Q

What is the function of the ZP-1 glycoprotein?

A

Unknown

91
Q

Is polycystic ovarian disease unilateral or bilateral?

A

bilateral

92
Q

What is the cause of polycystic ovarian disease?

A

A thickened TA covering the ovaries results in many fluid-filled follicular cysts and atrophic secondary follicles that remain embedded in the ovary

93
Q

Why are pts who have polycystic ovarian disease infertile?

A

The TA is too thick to allow passage of follicles/oocytes

94
Q

Which hormone is not produced by the granulosa cells (no CL) in pts with polycystic ovarian disease? What is the effect of this?

A

Progesterone. Needs to replace.

95
Q

What is stein-Leventhal syndrome?

A

Oligomenorrhea in polycystic ovarian syndrome

96
Q

What type of CT makes up the TA?

A

Dense, irr

97
Q

What must sperm pierce before they come into contact with the ZP-3 glycoprotein?

A

the corona radiata

98
Q

What allows sperm to pierce the corona radiata of the oocyte?

A

enzymes in its acrosome

99
Q

What is the zona reaction? What causes it?

A

Change in the ZP so that it becomes impermeable to other sperm, caused by sperm enzymes

100
Q

What happens to a sperm that comes in close proximity to a secondary oocyte? What causes this?

A

Becomes hyperactivated, due to the influx of Ca2+ into the sperm’s tail. This helps the sperm enter the oocyte

101
Q

What causes the rearrangement of the morula into a blasocyst?

A

Passage of fluid into it

102
Q

What are the four parts of the fallopian tube?

A
  1. Infudibulum
  2. ampulla
  3. isthmus
  4. Uterine part
103
Q

Where in the fallopian tube dies fertilization usually take place?

A

Ampulla

104
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

“trumpet” shaped part of the falliopian tube

105
Q

What are the outstretches of the infundibulum called?

A

Fimbriae

106
Q

What portion of the uterine tube’s length is composed of the ampulla?

A

2/3rds.

107
Q

What is the constricted part of the uterine after the ampulla called?

A

Isthmus

108
Q

What are the three major histological layers of the fallopian tube?

A

Mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

109
Q

What is the purpose of the folds of the mucosa in the uterine tube?

A

Increases surface area

110
Q

What type of epithelium comprises the uterine tube? What specialization does it have?

A

Simple columnar with cilia to move the oocyte

111
Q

What is the function of the nonciliated peg cells that comprise part of the epithelium of the fallopian tube?

A

produce nutrient-rich, protective secretions

for oocyte, sperm, or zygote

112
Q

What type of CT comprises the lamina propria of the Fallopian tube?

A

loose CT

113
Q

What are the two layers of muscle present in the muscularis layer of the Fallopian tube?

A

Inner circular layer

Outer longitudinal layer

114
Q

What comprises the serosa part of the Fallopian tube?

A

Mesothelium with loose CT beneath that

115
Q

What happens to the lumen of the Fallopian tube as you progress from the infundibulum to the isthmus?

A

gets smaller

116
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Perimetrium
117
Q

What type of epithelium comprises the endometrium of the uterus?

A

Simple columnar with cilia

118
Q

What is the functioon of the non-ciliated cells of the uterus?

A

Secrete glycoproteins

119
Q

What type of glands are present in the lamina propria of the uterus?

A

Simple, branched tubular

120
Q

What type of CT comprises the lamina propria of the uterus?

A

dense, irr

121
Q

What is the stratum functinale of the endometrium? What happens if pregnancy occurs?

A

Functional layer that is sloughed off at menstruation, or turns into the Decidua if prego

122
Q

What does the basal layer of the LP of the endometrium contain?

A

blood, CT

123
Q

What are the arteries that are present int the basal layer of the lamina propria in the uterine endometrium?

A

Single uterine artery gives rise to actuate arteries and radial arteries.

124
Q

What are the two arteries that branch off of the radial arteries in the endometrium? What do these supply?

A

Spiral arteries - suppler functional layer

Straigh arteries - supply basal layer

125
Q

What are the three layers of the myometrium?

A

1 Inner longitudinal layer
2 middle circular layer
3 outer longitudinal later

126
Q

What happens to the muscles that comprise the myometrium during pregnency?

A 
undergo                   	     hypertrophy (an increase in size of existing smooth muscle cells) and   
hyperplasty (an increase in the number of smooth muscle cells, via mitotic cell division)
127
Q

What are the two components of the perimetrium? What type of CT comprise each of these?

A

a. serosa: mesothelium and loose connective tissue
OR
b. adventitia: connective tissue which attaches to surrounding structures

128
Q

What type of epitheilum is present in the cervix?

A

Simple columnar with underlying DCT

129
Q

What does the epithelium of the cervix secrete?

A

Mucus

130
Q

What type of epithelium does the vaginal part of the cervix contain?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium

131
Q

What are Nabothian cysts?

A

result from secretions obstructing the ducts of the cervical glands

132
Q

What influences the consistency of the mucus in the cervix?

A

Ovarian hormones

133
Q

What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle? What are the days associated with each?

A
  1. Menstrual phase (1-4 days)
  2. Proliferative phase (5-14 days)
  3. Secretory phase (15-28)
134
Q

What causes the endometrium to slough off (not the hormonal change)

A

Decreased blood flow to the area

135
Q

What occurs in the proliferative phase of the mentrual cycle?

A

Estrogen stimulates development of the functional layer of the uterus

136
Q

What happens in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone stimulates the synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins by uterine glands

137
Q

What happens in the menstrual phase of menstruation?

A

Flow

138
Q

What happens to the glands of the endometrium as the secretory phase progresses?

A

go from simple, straight tubular to spiraled tubular

139
Q

What causes the bleeding seen in menstruation?

A

Breakage of the spiral arteries

140
Q

What are uterine leiomyomas?

A

Fibroids–benign neoplasms of smooth muscle origin in the endometrium

141
Q

What are the three types of uterine leiomyomas?

A
  1. Intramural (embedded within the myometrium).
  2. Submucosal (deep to the uterine mucosa, bulging into the uterine cavity).
  3. Subserosal (deep to the serosa).
142
Q

What happens to uterine leiomyomas?

A

H. When large and multiple, usually cause abnormally heavy menstrual periods.

143
Q

What are the compliations of pregnancy that result from leiomyomas?

A

Increased change of miscarriage

144
Q

What type of epithelum comprises the vagina?

A

a. stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium

145
Q

What comprises the lamina propria of the vagina?

A

abundant elastic fibers, loose fibroelastic connective tissue, lymphocytes, neutrophils.

146
Q

Are there glands in the wall of the vagina?

A

No

147
Q

What are the muscular layers of the vagina?

A

thin inner layer, circular smooth muscle fibers.

- thicker outer layer, longitudinal fibers, continuous with corresponding uterine layer

148
Q

What comprises the adventitia of the vagina?

A

DCT, thick elastic fibers, venous plexus, nerve bundles

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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