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Cell and tissue > Lymphatic Tissue > Flashcards

Lymphatic Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two primary lymphatic tissues? What characteristic distinguishes them?

A

Bone marrow
Thymus

Site of development and maturation of lymphocytes into immunocompetent cells

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2
Q

What are the three secondary lymphatic tissues?

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
  3. Spleen
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3
Q

What are the four subtypes of mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue?

A
  1. GALT (gut associated)
  2. BALT (bronchus)
  3. GU tract
  4. Tonsils
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4
Q

What is the defining characteristic of secondary lymphatic tissue?

A

Site of formation of immunological defense against antigens or pathogens

Confrontation with antigens or pathogens occurs here

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5
Q

What part of the lymph system filters lymph?

A

Lymph nodes

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6
Q

What part of the lymph system filters blood??

A

Spleen

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7
Q

What part of the lymph system acts as surveillance?

A

MALT

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8
Q

Where does confrontation of antigens occur?

A

In secondary lymphatic tissues

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9
Q

Where is GALT found?

A

In the lamina propria of the intestines

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10
Q

Where are the mucous-associated lymphatic tissues found within the body?

A

Sprinkled in loose CT as part of another organ, usually in the lamina propria

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11
Q

What type of cells are present in lymphatic tissue?

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Macrophages
Plasma cells

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12
Q

What type of fibers are present in lymphatic tissue?

A

Reticular fibers

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13
Q

What are the histological characterisitcs of primary lymphatic nodules?

A

appears homogenous throughout, has mostly small lymphocytes

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14
Q

What are the histological characterisitcs of secondary lymphatic nodules?

A

Has a corona zone and a germinal center

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15
Q

What distinguishes between primary and secondary lumphatic nodules?

A

Appearance

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16
Q

What is the corona zone in secondary lymphatic tissue?

A

the outer, dark-staining zone, containing mature lymphocytes

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17
Q

What is the germinal center of secondary lymphatic nodules?

A

The inner, light-straining zone containing immature lymphocytes

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18
Q

Encounter with an antigen has what effect on the germinal centers of secondary lymphocytes?

A

Causes the center to swell

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19
Q

What helps suspend cells in primary lymphatic nodules?

A

Reticular fibers

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20
Q

When there is a clear differentiation in the mantle zone and the germinal center of secondary lymphatic nodules, what has occurred?

A

Anitgen is/was present

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21
Q

What processes are taking place in the germinal center of secondary lymphatic nodules?

A

Mitosis

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22
Q

What type of cells are in the mantle zone of secondary lymphatic nodules?

A

Mature lymphocytes

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23
Q

What are the two forms that lymphatic nodules may appear as? How long do each last (relatively)?

A

Solitary lymph nodes are short lived

Aggregates of lymph nodes are permanent

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24
Q

What are the four examples of lymphatic node aggregates that were discussed in class?

A

Peyer’s patches

Lymphatic tissue in appendix

BALT in respiratory tract

Lymphatic nodules in the tonsils lymph nodes, and spleen

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25
Q

What are Peyer’s patches? Where are they found? What do they contain?

A

Lymph node aggregates in the ileum that contains B and T lymphocytes

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26
Q

What do the lymphatic tissue in the appendix contain? Where are these found in the layers of the tissue?

A

Consists of permanent aggregations of lymphatic nodules

in the lamina propria and the submucosa of the appendix

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27
Q

The lymphatic nodules present in the tonsils, lymph nodes, and spleen are of what type?

A

Lymphatic aggregates

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28
Q

What type of lymph tissue is found in the appendix?

A

Primary lymphatic nodule aggregates

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29
Q

The pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual tonsils are aggregations of what? What cells do they contain?

A

Lymphatic nodules, containing B lymphocytes

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30
Q

What is characteristic of the CT of the tonsils? What is the purpose of this?

A

Thay have partial / incomplete CT capsule which sends septa into the interior of the tonsil.

Capsule may provide some protection from spread of tonsilar infections

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31
Q

What is the epithelial type that surround the pharyengeal tonsils?

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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32
Q

What is the epithelial type that surround the lingual tonsils?

A

Stratified squamous (non-keratinized)

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33
Q

What is the epithelial type that surround the palatine tonsils? What infiltrates this?

A

Stratified squamous (non-keratinized), infiltrated by B lymphocytes

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34
Q

What are the epithelial lined pits that are present in palatine tonsils?

A

Crypts

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35
Q

What surrounds the palatine tonsils on the non-luminal side?

A

Cap

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36
Q

What do the palatine tonsils contain? What is the purpose of these?

A

lymphatic nodules where B-lymphocytes are produced

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37
Q

What type of epithelium covers the pharyngeal tonsil? What specialization does the epithelium have?

A

Pseudostratified columnar with cilia

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38
Q

What forms the white exudate found in viral tonsillitis?

A

WBCs

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39
Q

Adenoid tonsils is to (insert word here) as pharyngeal tonsils is to crypts.

A

Pleats

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40
Q

What are the only organs that are located along the path of a lymphatic vessel?

A

Lymph nodes

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41
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Filter lymph prior to being passed on to the bloodstream

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42
Q

What covers lymph nodes? What is this made of?

A

A capsule formed by dense CT

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43
Q

What are trabeculae in lymph nodes? What is located here?

A

CT septa that extend from into the lymph node carrying blood vessels and nerves?

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44
Q

What carries blood vessels and nerves into lymph nodes?

A

Trabeculae

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45
Q

What is the site where blood vessel and efferent lymphatic vessel leave the lymph node?

A

Hilum

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46
Q

What forms the inner part of the lymph node?

A

Cortex + Medulla

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47
Q

What are the vessels that bring in lymph/blood to the lymph node? What specialization do these have?

A

Afferent lymph vessels that have valves

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48
Q

What are the three sinuses of lymph nodes?

A

Subcapsular
Trabecular
Medullary

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49
Q

Where are subscapular sinuses located in lymph nodes? What do these sinuses drain into?

A

Just beneath the capsule, and drain into trabeculae

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50
Q

Where are the trabecular sinuses located, and where do they drain?

A

Found separating the lymphatic nodules from trabeculae, and drain into medullary sinuses

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51
Q

What two cells types are found within trabecular sinuses, and what are their function?

A

Endothelial cells which act as gates for lymph and reticular cells that serve as anchoring points for macrophages

52
Q

All lymph sinuses are lined by what type of cells?

A

Macrophages

53
Q

What is the last sinuses in lymph nodes that are found in the deepest layer, and are wide and tortuous?

A

Medullary sinuses

54
Q

What do the medullary sinuses drain into?

A

Efferent lymph vessels

55
Q

What is the framework that suspends cells in the lymph node made from? What cells make it?

A

Reticular fibers from reticulocytes

56
Q

What is the flow of lymph through a lymph node?

A
  1. Afferent lymphatic vessels (numerous, penetrate capsule, have valves)
  2. Subcapsular (cortical) sinus (located between capsule and parenchyma)
  3. Trabecular sinuses
  4. Medullary sinuses – interconnected lymphatic channels (wide, tortuous)
  5. Efferent lymphatic vessels (at hilum, have valves)
57
Q

What are the three types of cells that are found in the reticular tissue of lymph nodes?

A

Reticulocytes
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
Follicular dendritic cells

58
Q

What is the function of reticulocytes?

A

Synthesize collagen III (reticular fibers)

59
Q

What is the function of the dendritic cells in lymph tissue?

A

Anitgen presenting cells that monitor for foreign substances

60
Q

What is the function of the macrophages found in lymphatic tissue?

A

Phagocytic

61
Q

What is the function of the follicular dendritic cells of the reticular tissue?

A

Bind antigen complexes

62
Q

What is the parenchyma part of lymphatic cells?

A

The cellular part

63
Q

What are the three components of the parenchyma cells?

A

Cortex
Paracortex
Medulla

64
Q

What is the function of the dendritic recticular cells that are a part of the cortex of lymph nodes?

A

bind newly synthesized immunoglobulin and when these cells re-encounter the same antigen, they bind it and present it to the B- and T-lymphocytes

65
Q

What does the paracortex part of lymph nodes contain?

A
  1. T-lymphocytes

2.

66
Q

Does the cortex part of lymph tissue have more or less cells than the medulla part?

A

More

67
Q

What is the thymus-dependent part of the lymph node? Why?

A

The paracortex, because it receives B and T lymphocytes from the blood via high endothelial venules

68
Q

What is the function of the high endothelial venules of lymph nodes?

A

Receive 90% of the B and T lymphocytes from the blood produced by the thymus

69
Q

What are the two routes into lymph nodes that B and T lymphocytes may take?

A

Through afferent lymph vessel (10%)

High endothelial venules

70
Q

What is contained in the Medullary cords of the medulla of lymph nodes?

A

Reticular cells/fibers
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
(Most cells associated with lymph nodes)

71
Q

Are lymphatic nodules primary or secondary? Permanent or temporary?

A

Secondary, thus permanent

72
Q

What is the blood supply/flow of lymph nodes?

A
  1. Hilum
  2. trabeculae
  3. medulla
  4. medullary cords
  5. Form capillaries
  6. empty into post capillary venules
73
Q

Where are B-lymphocytes primarily found in lymph nodes?

A

Cortex

74
Q

Where are T-lymphocytes primarily found in lymph nodes?

A

Paracortex

75
Q

Where do the t-lymphocytes that are present in lymph nodes ultimately come from?

A

Thymus

76
Q

Where are the high endothelial venules found in the lymph node?

A

In the paracortex

77
Q

What is the epithelium that lines high endothelial venules?

A

simple cuboidal to columnar

78
Q

What happens to B and T lymphocytes when the leave the high endothelial venules?

A

B go to the cortex

T go the the paracortex

79
Q

What are medullary cords?

A

Clumps of cells that contain plasma cells, dendritic cells, macrophages

80
Q

Are the sinuses of lymph nodes empty spaces?

A

No–filled with reticular cells lymphocytes

81
Q

Do the plasma cells leave the lymph node, or just their antibodies?

A

Just the antibodies

82
Q

Where to T lymphocytes originate from? Where do they go to after that?

A

Bone marrow, go to thymus where they mature

83
Q

How many lobes are they to the thymus?

A

2

84
Q

What is the capsule of the thymus made of?

A

Dense, irregular collagenous CT

85
Q

What partitions the thymus to form thymic lobules?

A

Trabeculae

86
Q

What are the two compartments of each thymic lobule?

A

cortex and medulla

87
Q

Are the lobules of the thymus completely separate?

A

No

88
Q

What does the capsule of the thymus contain?

A

Blood vessels, efferent lymphatic vessels and nerves

89
Q

What does the CT of the thymus contain?

A

Collagen, fibroblasts, plasma cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes
mast cells
adipose cells
Macrophages

90
Q

True or false: the medulla of each thymic lobule is distinct and separate?

A

False–all are connected

91
Q

What happens as t-lymphocytes migrate through the cortex to the medulla?

A

Mature

92
Q

What is the framework for the thymus?

A

Epithelial retciular cells

93
Q

What are type I reticular cells?

A

Cells that forma a seal around the cortex of the thymus, separating it from the CT capsule and trabeculae

94
Q

What are the junctions between type I reticular cells?

A

Occludens (tight) junctions

95
Q

What are type II epithelioreticular cells?

A

Are cells that branch in a stellate fashion to form a meshwork in the mid cortex

Functions as “teachers”

96
Q

What are type II epithelioreticular cells connected by?

A

Desmosomes

97
Q

What are type III epithelioreticular cells?

A

Cells that reside deep in the cortex of the thymus, and form the corticomedullary junction, forming a seal between the cortex and the medulla

98
Q

What common function do all three types of epithelial reticular cells have?

A

Protection the thymus and isolate it from antigens

99
Q

Which type of epithelioreticular cells form the blood-thymus barrier? What are the other components of this? (4)

A
  1. Type I cells
  2. Basal lamina
  3. Cortical capillary endothelium
  4. Macrophages
100
Q

Where are the first four types of epithelioreticular cells found?

A

I = outer
II = in the cortex
III and IV = at the medullary and paracortex junction

101
Q

What are type IV epithelial reticular cells? What do they do? Where are they found?

A

cells are associated with Type III cells and participate in the establishment of a “barrier” at the corticomedullary junction

102
Q

What are type V epithelial reticular cells? What do they do? Where are they found?

A

form the meshwork / cytoreticulum (framework) of the medulla

103
Q

What are type VI epithelial reticular cells? What do they do? Where are they found?

A

form thymic corpuscles called Hassall’s corpuscles - concentric, eosinophilic, whorls, unique to the thymic medulla. They exhibit keratinization

104
Q

What are Hasall’s corpuscles? Do they stain darker or lighter than the surrounding tissue?

A

Areas formed by type VI epithelioreticular cells that contain mature T-lymphocytes

Stain lighter

105
Q

Where do immuocompetent T lymphocytes leave the thymus? Where do they go?

A

Via postcapillary venules to go to the paracortex of lymph nodes, PALS of the spleen, GALT, and BALT

106
Q

Where is the only place that Hasall’s corpusles are found?

A

Thymus

107
Q

What is DiGeorge’s syndrome?

A

Developmental disorder where the thymus does not develop, thus causing an inability to produce T lymphocytes.

Death = by infection

108
Q

Where is the major site of T and B lymphocytes proliferation?

A

Spleen

109
Q

What is the white pulp of the spleen made of?

A

PALS

Splenic nodules

110
Q

What suspends the red pulp?

A

Reticular fibers

111
Q

What are the two major components of the spleen?

A

Red and white pulp

112
Q

What is contained in the Red pulp of the spleen?

A

Splenic sinuses

Spelnic cords

113
Q

What is the function of splenic sinuses? What are they lined by

A

Are lined by endothelial cells, with wide intercellular spaces allowing blood cells to pass in and out of the sinuses

Drain into pulp veins which in turn drain into trabecular veins

114
Q

What is the artery that enters the spleen at its hilum? What does it give rise to once inside?

A

Splenic artery, which gives rise to trabecular arteries

115
Q

What happens to the trabecular arteries once they enter they leave the CT of the trabeculae?

A

Loose their tunica adventitia, and are infiltrated with T-lymphocytes

116
Q

What is the periarteral sheath?

A

T-lymphocyte covered central artery in the spleen

117
Q

What are the arteries that lose their T-lymphocyte sheath and penetrate into the red pulp?

A

Penicullar arterioles, then arterial capillaries

118
Q

Where do the arterial capillaries and sheathed capillaries in the spleen drain into?

A

Splenic sinuses

119
Q

What is the path of blood flow in the spleen? (7)

A
  1. Spenic artery
  2. Trabecular arteries
  3. PALS, central artery
  4. Penicillar arteries
  5. Arteriole capillaries
  6. Sheathed capillaries
  7. Splenic sinuses
120
Q

What color does white pulp in the spleen stain?

A

Basophilic Blue

121
Q

What is the part of the spleen that contains T-lymphocytes?

A

White pulp

122
Q

What are splenic nodules? What do they contain? Where are they found

A

Lymphatic nodules in the white pulp that contain B lymphocytes

123
Q

What is the marginal zone of the spleen?

A

Between the red and white pulp

124
Q

What are the two components of the red pulp? What does it stain with?

A
  1. Spelcni cords
  2. Splenic sinuses

Eosinophilic

125
Q

What are the splenic cords that make up the red pulp of the spleen?

A

They are irregular branchig cords of tissue consisting of reticular fibers/cells, with the spaces between fibers filled with filtered blood

126
Q

What are the splenic sinus of the red pulp in the spleen? What are their function?

A

Sinuses lined by enothelial cells.

Drain blood into pulp veins, which drain into trabecular veins

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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