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Cell and tissue > Peripheral blood > Flashcards

Peripheral blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average volume of blood in a 70 kg male?

A

5.5 L (7% of BW)

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2
Q

What is arterial blood pH?

A

7.4

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3
Q

What is venous blood pH?

A

7.35

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4
Q

What are the five functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport oxygen and CO2
  2. Transport nutrients
  3. Regulate body temp, pH, osmolality
  4. Hemostasis
  5. immunity
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5
Q

What are the four elements of blood?

A

Plasma
Formed elements (RBCs, leukocytes, platelets)
Hematocrit
Serum

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6
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Percentage of drawn blood that contains RBCs

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7
Q

What are the three layers that form when drawing blood?

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Buffy coat (leukocytes)
  3. RBCs
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8
Q

What percentage of hematocrit is normal for a male?

A

45%

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9
Q

What percentage of hematocrit is normal for a Female?

A

40%

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10
Q

What percentage of hematocrit is normal for a newborn?

A

55%

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11
Q

What percentage of hematocrit is normal for a 2 month old?

A

35%

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12
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma - fibrinogen

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13
Q

What are the contents of plasma?

A

90% water with yellow color due to bilirubin

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14
Q

Why would plasma appear white?

A

Chylomicrons after a fatty meal

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15
Q

What are the five major proteins found in plasma/

A
  1. Albumin
  2. globulins
  3. clotting proteins
  4. complement proteins
  5. Lipoproteins
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16
Q

What is albumin?

A

Protein that mainatains colloid osmotic pressure

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17
Q

What are globulins?

A

alpha- ceruloplasm
beta- tranferrin
Gamma- plasma cell antibodies

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18
Q

What are the type of clotting factors?

A
  1. Prothrombin
  2. Fibrinogen
  3. accelelrator globulin (factor VII)
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19
Q

What are RBCs a biconcave disk?

A

increases gas exchange

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20
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Elevated RBC count

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21
Q

What are the only “organelles” present in RBCs?

A

Cytoskeletal components

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22
Q

What are the two major transmembrane proteins found in RBCs?

A
  1. Glycophorin

2. Band 3

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23
Q

What is the function of glycophorins A, B and C?

A

Unknown but unique to RBCs

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24
Q

What is the function of band 3?

A

transports HCO3- and Cl- across the plasmalemma

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25
Q

What is spectrin?

A

An intermediate filament that links transmembrane proteins together

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26
Q

What is the band 4.1 protein?

A

anchor the cytoskeletal components by complexing with spectrin, glycophorin, and actin

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27
Q

What is the function of Band 3, band 4.2, ankyrin and spectrin?

A

form another complex for the binding of transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeletal elements

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28
Q

What is adducin?

A

a calmodulin-binding protein that promotes actin-spectrin association

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29
Q

What is the function of ankyrin?

A

Anchor band 3 proteins to spectrin

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30
Q

What is hereditary sphereocytosis?

A

A disease that results from a mutation in ankyrin, band 3, spectrin, or band 4.2.

Anemia and jaundice results due to breakdown of sphereical RBCs

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31
Q

What is elliptocytosis?

A

DIsease where RBCs are elliptical. This is caused by mutations in spectrin, protein 4.1 or glycophorin C

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32
Q

What are the five different types of antigens that RBCs can present?

A
  1. ABO
  2. Rh
  3. Kell
  4. Dufy
  5. Lewis
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33
Q

What is erythroblastisis fetalis?

A

When an Rh-negative mother gives birth to an Rh+ baby

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34
Q

What is the significant of the Duffy system antigen?

A

If you don’t have it, you are less susceptible fo plasmodium vivax

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35
Q

Kell does what? Duffy? Lewis?

A

Kell kills
Duffy dies
Lewis lives

36
Q

What are Howell-Jolly bodies?

A

Small, basophilic nuclear fragments in RBCs seen in patients with severe hemolytic anemia, spleen issues, or splenectomy

37
Q

What are Heinz bodies?

A

Inclusions of damage Hb

Due to a defect in glucose-6-phosphate dehydro

38
Q

What are bite cells?

A

RBCs who have been “bitten” by splenic macrophages in an attempt to remove Heinz bodies

39
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

The immediate precursor to RBCs

40
Q

Why are reticulocytes basophilic?

A

Clusters of free polyribosomes left over from Hb synthesis

41
Q

What percent of blood is normally composed of reticulocytes?

42
Q

An increase in the number of reticulocytes is indicative of what?

A

increased demand for oxygen (increase in altitude or hemorrhage)

43
Q

What is the normal concentration of leukocytes?

A

5-10000 per mm^3

44
Q

What are the three granulocytes in order of their abundance?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

45
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

46
Q

When are neutrophils elevated?

A

In bacterial infection

47
Q

What are the histological characteristics of a neutrophil?

A

Lobulated nuclei

Granules that are light pink

48
Q

What in the function of the light, pink granules present in neutrophils?

A

Antimicrobial

49
Q

What are azurophilic granules?

A

Granules that are present in all WBCs. they represent lysosomes

50
Q

What is meant by the term “left shift”?

A

An increase in the number of neutrophils

51
Q

What are tertiary granules?

A

Granules that contain gelatinase–an enzymes that degrades collagen

52
Q

What is the function of tertiary granules?

A

To degrade the ECM and facilitate migration of neutrophilcs into tissue

53
Q

What is a band cell?

A

The precursor to a neutrophil that had a band-like nucleus

54
Q

What are Döhle bodies? Are they acidophilic or basophilic? What do they represent?

A

Basophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neutrophils. These represent dilations in the rER

55
Q

When are eosinophils elevated?

A

In allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and IBS

56
Q

What is the characteristic feature of the eosinophil nucleus?

57
Q

What are the two granules that eosinophils contain? What do they stain?

A

Azurephils

Specific secondary granules (dark red-pink)

58
Q

What do the granules of eosinophils look like at the EM level?

A

Band in the granules due to inclusion of crystalline

59
Q

What is characteristic of a basophil’s nucleus?

60
Q

What is the function of the specific granules found in basophils? What color do they stain?

A

are dark blue and contain histamine, heparin, eosinophilic chemotaxic factor, neutrophilic chemotaxic factor, and peroxidase

61
Q

How are basophils used diagnostically?

A

Decreased in acute allergic reactions

62
Q

How do the granules of bsophils appear at the EM level?

A

Black granules with a whitish center

63
Q

True or false: mast cells are basophils that have entered a tissue

64
Q

True or false: agranulocytes do not contain granules?

A

False–still have azurephilic granules, just not Specific granules

65
Q

In children younger than 8 years, what is the predominant type of leukocyte?

A

Lymphocytes

66
Q

When are leukocytes elevated?

A

In viral infections

67
Q

What is the histological characteristic of a lymphocyte?

A

Have a nucleus that nearly fills the cell

68
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

A

B type
T type
Natural killer

69
Q

What are the histological characteristics of a monocyte?

A

Kidney shaped nucleus, Blue-gray cytoplasm

Small cytoplasmic granules

70
Q

What is the function of a monocyte?

A

Will migrate into tissues and become macrophages if necessary

71
Q

What are the four zones to platelets?

A

Peripheral
Structural
Membrane
Organelle

72
Q

What is the peripheral zone of platelets?

A

Plasma membrane + glycocalyx

73
Q

What is the structural zone of platelets?

A

microtubules and actin and myosin monomers

74
Q

What is the function of the microtubular array in platelets?

A

Maintain shape

75
Q

What is the function of the actin/myosin array in platelets?

A

can polymerize and form a contractile apparatus

76
Q

What are the organelles found in platelets?

A
  1. mito
  2. glycogen granules
  3. peroxisomes
  4. three types of granules (alpha, delta, lamba)
77
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Blood clotting and tissue repair

78
Q

What are the two types of membranes found in platelets?

A

open canalicular system and dense tubular system

79
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Condition where there are several different sized RBCs present in a blood sample

80
Q

An elevated erythrocyte count is sen in what? (2)

A

decreased oxygenation

Renal cell carcinoma

81
Q

A decreased RBC count is seen in what? (3)

A

Hemolytic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Disruption of myeloid tissue

82
Q

An elevated count of eosinophils is seen in what? (3)

A

Allergic reaction
IBD
Parasitic infections

83
Q

A decrease in basophils are seen in what?

A

acute allergic reactions

84
Q

An elevated lymphocyte count is seen in what? (2)

A

Viral infections

Lymphocytic leukemia is a common cause of significant elevation

85
Q

Elevated monocyte count is seen in what major condition?

A

Inflammation

86
Q

An elevated platelet count can be seen in what?

A

Splenectomy

87
Q

A decreased platelet count is seen in what

A

Splenic sequestration

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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