Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four components of the integument system?

A
Skin
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Hair
Nails
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the five functions of thick skin?

A
Protection
Regulation
Reception
Absorption
Excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What areas have thick skin?

A

Palms and soles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Does thick skin have hair follicles, errector pilli, or sebaceous glands?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Does thick skin have sweat glands?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is thin skin found?

A

Over most of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Does thin skin have hair follicles, sebaceous glands and/or sweat glands?

A

Has all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The skin arises from what part of the trilaminar disc?

A

Ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is the epidermis vascular?

A

Negative–receives nutrients from dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the layer of skin that is damaged in first degree burns?

A

Epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis

Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the type of epithelium in the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous keratinized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What two types of connective tissue comprises the dermis?

A

Loose CT

Dense, irregular collagenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two types of cells that comprise the epithelium?

A

Keratinocytes and nonkeratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis that extend down into the underlying dermis?

A

Epidermal ridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the projection of the dermis into the epidermis called?

A

Dermal papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the filaments that accumulate as keratinocytes approach the surface?

A

Keratin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What ensures that the epidermis and the dermis do not separate?

A

The increased surface area formed by the interdigitation of the dermis and the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the basal layer of the epidermis?

A

Basal facali

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does intense mitotic activity take place in the epidermis?

A

At the basal facali

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How long does it take for cells to migrate from the basal facali (dermis) to the epidermis?

A

20-30 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does most of the mitotic activity take place in the dermis?

A

At night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three types of nonkeratinocytes?

A
  1. Langerhans cells
  2. Merkel cells
  3. Melanocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Langerhans cells are derived from what?

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the general function of langerhans cells?

A

Defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the route by which langerhans cells migrate to the epidermis?

A
  1. bone marrow
  2. Blood stream
  3. epidermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What part of the epidermis do langerhans cells reside in?

A

Stratum spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the histological characteristics of langerhans cells?

A

long, thin cytoplasmic processes which extend into the intercellular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Prior to taking up residence in the dermis, what are langerhans cells known as?

A

Dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens when a langerhans cell detects an antigen?

A

Migrates to a lymph node to aid in the immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are birbeck grnules?

A

Rod-like structures that are unique to langerhan cells, whose function is not well understood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the general function of merkel cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

Between keratinocytes in the stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where are Merkel cells particularly present?

A

Fingertips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are Merkel dics?

A

Enlarged part of a dendritic process that attaches to a Merkel cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the two components of the Merkel cell-neurite processes?

A

Unmyelinated nerve terminals and Merkel cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the general function of melanocytes?

A

Protect DNA of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Melanocytes arise from what type of cells?

A

Neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Melanocytes synthesize what? Where does this go?

A

Melanin, which goes to surrounding keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where are melanocytes generally found?

A

In the stratum basale and superficial dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the bottom-most layer of the epidermis called?

A

The stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the enzymes that synthesizes melanin from Y?

A

Tyrosinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are melanosomes?

A

Packed up tyrosinase and melanin, which receive Y from vesicles that enter the melanocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What happens to melanosomes when they receive enough Y?

A

Become melanin granules, that are secreted through cytoplasmic processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What activates Tyrosinase?

A

UV light

46
Q

Where does melanin accumulates within cells?

A

Around the nucleus

47
Q

True or false: the number of melanocytes is what gives different races their varying coloration?

A

False–it is the tyrosinase activity, distribution, number of melanin granules, size, and breakdown of melanin that varies

48
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

Autoimmune disease against melanocytes

49
Q

True or false: people with albinism lack melanocytes

A

False–it is the tryosinase that is defective

50
Q

What are the ABCDE of malignant melanoma?

A
Appearance
Border (irreg contour)
Color (irreg)
Diameter
Evolution
51
Q

What are the five layers of thick skin?

A
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum Basale
52
Q

What does the stratum corneum contain?

A

Flattened, a-organellular cells with keratin filaments

53
Q

True or false: the stratum corneum has desmosomes between each cell to create a tight seal

A

False

54
Q

What is the layer of thick skin that provide waterproofing?

A

Stratum granulosum

55
Q

What is the stratum lucidum? What is present in cells of this layer?

A

A subdivision of the stratum corneum that stains lightly

Keratin filaments are present, but no organelles

56
Q

What is the stratum granulosum? What do cells here contain?

A

Granular layer of dermis

Cells here contain apoptotic nuclei, keratohylin granules and membrane coating granules

57
Q

What is ressponsible for the waterproofing of the stratum granulosum? What does this also cause?

A

Exocytosis of lipid-rich substance to form a barrier. This causes cells in outer layers to die

58
Q

What type of cell type and attachments comprises the stratum basale?

A

Single layer of columnar cells with desmosomes

59
Q

Where does mitotic activity take place in the epidermis?

A

In the stratum basale

60
Q

What does the stratum basale rest on?

A

The basement membrane

61
Q

How do the stratum basale cells attach to the basement membrane?

A

Through hemidesmosomes

62
Q

What are the two major functions of the stratum basale?

A
  1. Cell growth/renewal

2. Anchoring to the basement membrane

63
Q

What is the epidermal layer above the stratum basale?

A

The stratum spinosum

64
Q

What is the function of the stratum spinosum?

A

Binding, protection

65
Q

What is the characteristic histological feature of the stratum spinosum?

A

Thick, prominent stratum with interdigitating processes

66
Q

What are tonofilaments?

A

Fibers in the upper layer of the cells of the stratum spinosum

67
Q

What forms the “railroad tracks” of the stratum spinosum layer of cells?

A

Desmosomes

68
Q

True or false” mitosis takes place in the stratum spinosum?

A

True

69
Q

Where in the epidermis do langerhans cells reside?

A

In the stratum spinosum

70
Q

What are the three layers that are present in THIN skin?

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum basale
71
Q

What glues the basement membrane of the epidermis to the underlying dermis

A

carbs (glue) and collagen (anchor)

72
Q

What is Ichthyosis?

A

Fish-like scales that result from hyperkeratosis

73
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer

reticular layer

74
Q

The dermis arises from what embryological layer of tissue?

A

Mesoderm

75
Q

What gives the dermis structure and strength?

A

Collagen

76
Q

What is the papillary layer of he dermis comprised of?

A

Loose CT, collagen III, and elastic fibers

77
Q

What are the anchoring fobrils of the papillary layer of the dermis made of?

A

Collagen VII

78
Q

Second degree burns (partial thickness burns) involve what layer of skin?

A

The papillar layer of the dermis

79
Q

What is the reticular layer of the skin comprised of?

A

Dense, irregular collagenous CT with collagen I

80
Q

What are Langer’s lines?

A

Lines of collagen I in the reticular layer of the dermis

81
Q

What is type of fibers/protis are in the reticular layer of skin?

A

Elastic
Collagen I
Proteoglycans

82
Q

What are the functions of pacinian corpusles?

A

Detection of pressure, vibrations (in the dermis)

83
Q

What are the functions of Ruffini corpusles?

A

Tensile forses

84
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

Suerficial fascia composed of loose CT located deep to the dermis (NOT an actual part of the skin)

85
Q

What are full thickness burns (third degree)?

A

Burns that extend all the way down to the hypodermis

86
Q

Where are hair follicles, arrector pilli, sebceous glands, and sweat glands found?

A

In the reticular layer of the dermis

87
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine sweat glands

Apocrine sweat glands

88
Q

What are eccrine sweat glands?

A

Glands that squirt out sweat and are composed of simple, coiled tubular glands

89
Q

Where are Eccrine glands located?

A

Scattered throughout the skin, in the dermis or hypodermis

90
Q

What type of secretion do eccrine glands utilize?

A

Merocrine

91
Q

What type of epithelium comprises the secretory segment of Eccrine sweat glands?

A

Simple cuboidal to low columnar (pseudostratified may also be present)

92
Q

What type of cells surround the secretory unit of Eccrine glands?

A

Myoepithelial cells

93
Q

What do Eccrine glands utilize to “squirt” out sweat?

A

Actin and myosin filaments

94
Q

What type of epithelium is present in Eccrine sweat glands’ ducts?

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

95
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands located?

A

Axilla, areola of nipple, anal region

96
Q

What type of excretion do apocrine sweat glands utilize?

A

Merocrine

97
Q

What is the innervation of apocrine sweat glands?

A

sympathetic nervous system

98
Q

Where layer of the skin are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

Dermis and hypodermis

99
Q

What layer of the skin are sebaceous glands found?

A

Dermis and hypodermis

100
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

sebum (cholesterol, triglycerides and dead cells)

101
Q

What is the secretory unit of sebaceous glands?

A

Acinus

102
Q

Where do sebascous glands empty?

A

Into hair follcies

103
Q

What type of secretion do sebaceous glands utilize?

A

Holocrine

104
Q

What are the four components of hair follicles?

A
Hair root
external root sheath
internal root sheath
Hair shaft (medulla)
105
Q

What type of muscles are in arrector pili muscles?

A

Smooth muscles

106
Q

How do sebaceous glands relate to the hair follicles?

A

Cradle it

107
Q

What is the nail plate comprised of?

A

Keratin

108
Q

The nail bed is comprised of what?

A

Stratum basale and stratum spinosum

109
Q

Where does nail growth occur?

A

IN the nail matrix

110
Q

What is the hyponychium of the nail?

A

The distal end of it

111
Q

What is the proximal part of the nail? What does it consist of?

A

Hponychium (cuticle, stratum corneum)