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Cell and tissue > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasia?

A

new (abnormal) growth: growth may be benign or malignant.

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2
Q

What is the suffix used for malignant tumors?

A

-oma

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3
Q

What are fibroma?

A

benign tumor that is fibrous or developed CT

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4
Q

What are chondroma?

A

benign growth of hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

What are adenomas?

A

epithelial cell benign tumor; epithelial cells form a glandular structure or are derived from glandular tissue

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6
Q

What are hemangiomas?

A

benign tumor of newly formed blood vessels

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7
Q

What are lymphomas?

A

benign tumor of lymphoid tissue

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8
Q

What are papillomas?

A

benign epithelial tumor of the skin or mucous membrane (i.e., mucosa) possessing finger-like projections

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9
Q

What are polyps?

A

benign protrusion from a mucous membrane (i.e., mucosa)

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10
Q

What are sarcomas?

A

MALIGNANT tumors derived from derivatives of mesenchymal connective tissue (finrotic tumors, chondrosarcomas)

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11
Q

What are carcinomas?

A

MALIGNANT– tumors derived from epithelial cells

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12
Q

Are mesothelomas or melanomas benign or malignant?

A

Maliganant–these do not follow the suffix “-oma” rule

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13
Q

What are teratomas?

A

Tumors derived from more than one germ layer

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14
Q

What does differentiation mean in terms of tumors (well differentiated or poorly differentiated)?

A

How much tumor cells resemble compared to normal cells both structurally and functionally. (e.g. a well differentiated tumor resembles the surrounding cells)

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15
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

is a state where tumor cells lack differentiation

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16
Q

In what type of tumors are cells with tripolar spindles found (i.e differentiated or not well)?

A

Poorly differentiated tumors

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17
Q

What does the term pleomorphism mean?

A

cells and nuclei are variable in size and shape

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18
Q

What are the four characteristics that anaplastic tumor cells may exhibit?

A

Pleomorphism
Abnl nuclear structure
High amount of mitosis
Loss of polarity

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19
Q

What is chracteristic of the abnormal nuclear structure of an anaplastic tumor?

A

nuclei contain an abundance of DNA and are hyperchromatic; nuclei are also larger than normal with large nucleoli

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20
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

A carcinoma that is limited to the BL of the epithelium

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21
Q

What generally limits benign tumors’ growth?

A

A fibrous capsule surrounding it

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22
Q

What are the four major ways in which a tumor can spread?

A
  1. Direct seeding
  2. lymphatic spread
  3. Hematongenous
  4. Perineural invasion and spread
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23
Q

What is a common site of metastasis for prostate tumors? Why?

A

Lumbar spine, d/t vein connection that does not have valves

24
Q

What is hematogenous spread of a tumor? Where are tumors that spread through this mechanism usually found?

A

When a tumor spreads through the blood. Lungs and liver are where these are usually found

25
Q

What is the direct seeding mechanism of CA spread?

A

When a cancer spreads via growth into a cavity

26
Q

What are the three areas where tumors spread through the perineural pathway?

A

head/neck
prostate
pancreas

27
Q

What type of differentiation do benign growths usually express? Malignant?

A

Benign = Well differentiated

Malignant = Poorly differentiated

28
Q

What is the relative rate of growth of benign tumors? Malignant?

A 
Benign = slow
Malignant = fast or erratic
29
Q

Do benign growths metastasize?

A

No

30
Q

Where/how do benign tumors usually invade?

A

Into surrounding tissue in well demarcated masses

31
Q

Where/how do malignant tumors usually invade other tissues?

A

Locally invasive, infiltrating the normal tissue

32
Q

Which types of CA have the highest incidence among men?

A
  1. Prostate
  2. lung
  3. colon/rectum
33
Q

Which types of CA have the highest incidence among women?

A
  1. Breast
  2. lung
  3. colon/rectum
34
Q

Which types of CA have the highest death rate among men?

A
  1. Lung
  2. Prostate
  3. Colon and rectum
35
Q

Which types of CA have the highest death rate among women?

A
  1. Lung
  2. Breast
  3. Colon and rectum
36
Q

Where in the prostate does CA usually develop?

A

The posterior peripheral zone

37
Q

What are the two antigens that are used to detect prostate CA?

A
  1. Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

2. Prostate serum acid phosphatase (PSAP)

38
Q

When are CA suppressor genes lost in prostate CA? p53?

A

suppressor genes = early

p53 = late

39
Q

The loss of what intercellular junction leads to the malignant spread of prostate and breast CA?

A

E-cadherin

40
Q

Which quadrant are breast CA usually found?

A

Upper lateral

41
Q

Almost all breast cancers are what type of cancer?

A

Adenocarcinomas

42
Q

What are the two broad categories of breast CAs?

A

a. Carcinoma in situ

b. Invasive carcinoma

43
Q

BRCA1/2

A

breast ca

44
Q

75% of lung cancers originate from what parts of the lung?

A

the primary, secondary, or tertiary bronchi epithelium

45
Q

What are the four major categoeries of lung CA?

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma
  2. Adenocarcinoma
  3. Small cell carcinoma
  4. Large cell carcinoma
46
Q

Of the four major types of lung CA, which one are associated with smoking?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Small cell carcinoma

47
Q

What is histologically significant of lung squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Have large keratin whorls

48
Q

Of the four major types of lung CA, which one is the most malignant?

A

Small cell carcinoma

49
Q

What are the two types of coloretal cancers? Which one is more likely to be malignant?

A

Pedunculated

Sessile–more likely to be malignant

50
Q

Which layers of the colon form pedunculated tubular adenomas? Villous?

A

Pedunculated = mucosa and submucosa

Sessile = just mucosa

51
Q

What is the most frequently involved site of colorectal CAs?

A

Cecum and ascending

52
Q

Which side of the intestines are more likely to have CAs?

A

Left side

53
Q

What do the T, N, and M stand for in staging colorectal CA?

A 
T= tumor size and penetration
N= lymph node involvement
M = metastases
54
Q

What does Tis mean in the staging system of colorectal CA?

A

Tumor has not penetrate past the mucosa yet

55
Q

What does T1 mean in the staging system of colorectal CA?

A

penetrate the muscularis mucosae

56
Q

What does T2 mean in the staging system of colorectal CA?

A

Penetrate into the muscularis externa

57
Q

What does T3 mean in the staging system of colorectal CA?

A

Penetrated past the serosa

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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