Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasia?

A

new (abnormal) growth: growth may be benign or malignant.

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2
Q

What is the suffix used for malignant tumors?

A

-oma

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3
Q

What are fibroma?

A

benign tumor that is fibrous or developed CT

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4
Q

What are chondroma?

A

benign growth of hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

What are adenomas?

A

epithelial cell benign tumor; epithelial cells form a glandular structure or are derived from glandular tissue

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6
Q

What are hemangiomas?

A

benign tumor of newly formed blood vessels

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7
Q

What are lymphomas?

A

benign tumor of lymphoid tissue

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8
Q

What are papillomas?

A

benign epithelial tumor of the skin or mucous membrane (i.e., mucosa) possessing finger-like projections

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9
Q

What are polyps?

A

benign protrusion from a mucous membrane (i.e., mucosa)

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10
Q

What are sarcomas?

A

MALIGNANT tumors derived from derivatives of mesenchymal connective tissue (finrotic tumors, chondrosarcomas)

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11
Q

What are carcinomas?

A

MALIGNANT– tumors derived from epithelial cells

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12
Q

Are mesothelomas or melanomas benign or malignant?

A

Maliganant–these do not follow the suffix “-oma” rule

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13
Q

What are teratomas?

A

Tumors derived from more than one germ layer

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14
Q

What does differentiation mean in terms of tumors (well differentiated or poorly differentiated)?

A

How much tumor cells resemble compared to normal cells both structurally and functionally. (e.g. a well differentiated tumor resembles the surrounding cells)

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15
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

is a state where tumor cells lack differentiation

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16
Q

In what type of tumors are cells with tripolar spindles found (i.e differentiated or not well)?

A

Poorly differentiated tumors

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17
Q

What does the term pleomorphism mean?

A

cells and nuclei are variable in size and shape

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18
Q

What are the four characteristics that anaplastic tumor cells may exhibit?

A

Pleomorphism
Abnl nuclear structure
High amount of mitosis
Loss of polarity

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19
Q

What is chracteristic of the abnormal nuclear structure of an anaplastic tumor?

A

nuclei contain an abundance of DNA and are hyperchromatic; nuclei are also larger than normal with large nucleoli

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20
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

A carcinoma that is limited to the BL of the epithelium

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21
Q

What generally limits benign tumors’ growth?

A

A fibrous capsule surrounding it

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22
Q

What are the four major ways in which a tumor can spread?

A
  1. Direct seeding
  2. lymphatic spread
  3. Hematongenous
  4. Perineural invasion and spread
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23
Q

What is a common site of metastasis for prostate tumors? Why?

A

Lumbar spine, d/t vein connection that does not have valves

24
Q

What is hematogenous spread of a tumor? Where are tumors that spread through this mechanism usually found?

A

When a tumor spreads through the blood. Lungs and liver are where these are usually found

25
What is the direct seeding mechanism of CA spread?
When a cancer spreads via growth into a cavity
26
What are the three areas where tumors spread through the perineural pathway?
head/neck prostate pancreas
27
What type of differentiation do benign growths usually express? Malignant?
Benign = Well differentiated Malignant = Poorly differentiated
28
What is the relative rate of growth of benign tumors? Malignant?
``` Benign = slow Malignant = fast or erratic ```
29
Do benign growths metastasize?
No
30
Where/how do benign tumors usually invade?
Into surrounding tissue in well demarcated masses
31
Where/how do malignant tumors usually invade other tissues?
Locally invasive, infiltrating the normal tissue
32
Which types of CA have the highest incidence among men?
1. Prostate 2. lung 3. colon/rectum
33
Which types of CA have the highest incidence among women?
1. Breast 2. lung 3. colon/rectum
34
Which types of CA have the highest death rate among men?
1. Lung 2. Prostate 3. Colon and rectum
35
Which types of CA have the highest death rate among women?
1. Lung 2. Breast 3. Colon and rectum
36
Where in the prostate does CA usually develop?
The posterior peripheral zone
37
What are the two antigens that are used to detect prostate CA?
1. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) | 2. Prostate serum acid phosphatase (PSAP)
38
When are CA suppressor genes lost in prostate CA? p53?
suppressor genes = early | p53 = late
39
The loss of what intercellular junction leads to the malignant spread of prostate and breast CA?
E-cadherin
40
Which quadrant are breast CA usually found?
Upper lateral
41
Almost all breast cancers are what type of cancer?
Adenocarcinomas
42
What are the two broad categories of breast CAs?
a. Carcinoma in situ | b. Invasive carcinoma
43
BRCA1/2
breast ca
44
75% of lung cancers originate from what parts of the lung?
the primary, secondary, or tertiary bronchi epithelium
45
What are the four major categoeries of lung CA?
1. Squamous cell carcinoma 2. Adenocarcinoma 3. Small cell carcinoma 4. Large cell carcinoma
46
Of the four major types of lung CA, which one are associated with smoking?
Squamous cell carcinoma | Small cell carcinoma
47
What is histologically significant of lung squamous cell carcinoma?
Have large keratin whorls
48
Of the four major types of lung CA, which one is the most malignant?
Small cell carcinoma
49
What are the two types of coloretal cancers? Which one is more likely to be malignant?
Pedunculated | Sessile--more likely to be malignant
50
Which layers of the colon form pedunculated tubular adenomas? Villous?
Pedunculated = mucosa and submucosa Sessile = just mucosa
51
What is the most frequently involved site of colorectal CAs?
Cecum and ascending
52
Which side of the intestines are more likely to have CAs?
Left side
53
What do the T, N, and M stand for in staging colorectal CA?
``` T= tumor size and penetration N= lymph node involvement M = metastases ```
54
What does Tis mean in the staging system of colorectal CA?
Tumor has not penetrate past the mucosa yet
55
What does T1 mean in the staging system of colorectal CA?
penetrate the muscularis mucosae
56
What does T2 mean in the staging system of colorectal CA?
Penetrate into the muscularis externa
57
What does T3 mean in the staging system of colorectal CA?
Penetrated past the serosa