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Cell and tissue > Endocrine II > Flashcards

Endocrine II Flashcards

1
Q

Parathyroid glands are covered by what? What does this do/provide?

A

Collagenous capsule that sends septa into the lobes and provides vessels/nerves

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2
Q

What is the specialization of the capillaries in the parathyroid?

A

Fenestration

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3
Q

What is present in the parathyroid glands in adults as we age?

A

Fat

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4
Q

How are the parenchya cells in the parathyroid glands arranged?

A

Cords or clusters

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5
Q

What are the three type of cells in the parathyroid gland?

A
  1. Chief cells
  2. Oxyphil cells
  3. Intermediate cells
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6
Q

Are the chief cells of the parathyroid hormone basophilic or eosinophilic?

A

Eosinophilic

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7
Q

What is the function of the chief cells of the parathyroid gland?

A

Secrete PTH

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8
Q

What are the steps in PTH synthesis (3)

A

Preproparathyroid hormone (pre-PTH) produced by rER ribsomes

This is carried to the rER luimen to form proPTH.

Golgi make the final modification to PTH

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9
Q

How is PTH secreted from cells?

A

via secretory granules

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10
Q

What are oxyphil cells?

A

Dark staining, eosinophilic cells near parathyroid cells that have no known function

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11
Q

What is the function of the intermediate cells in the parathyroid gland?

A

Unknown

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12
Q

What is the function of PTH?

A

Increases [Ca] and decreases [PO4]

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13
Q

PTH glands have receptors for Ca. What stimulates/inhibits parathyroid glands?

A

Low [Ca] stimulates

High [Ca] inhibits

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14
Q

What is the effect of PTH in bone?

A

causes osteoblasts to release osteoclast-stimulating

factor, which triggers osteoclast activity, freeing calcium from bone to enter the bloodstream

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15
Q

What is the effect of PTH in the kidney?

A

Prevents Ca loss in the urine

Promotes phosphate loss in the urine

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16
Q

What is the effect of PTH in the GI tract?

A

Indirectly increasse Ca absoption by changing Vit D formation by kidney

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17
Q

What hormone has the inverse effect as PTH?

A

Calcitonin

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18
Q

What happens if parathyroid glands are removed?

A

Hypocalcemia–tetanus-like symptoms

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19
Q

What is the function of the capsule that surround the pancreas?

A

Gives rise to septa and vessels etc

Partitions lobes

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20
Q

What does the exocrine part of the pancreas contain? Endocrine part?

A

Exocrine = digestive enzymes

Endocrine = hormones

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21
Q

What are the five cell types contained in the islets of Langerhans?

A 
Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
G cells
PP (F) cells
22
Q

What is the function of the A cells in the islets of langerhans?

A

Release glucagon

23
Q

What is the function of the B cells in the islets of langerhans?

A

Produce insulin

24
Q

What is the function of the Delta cells in the islets of langerhans?

A

Release somatostatint to reduce smooth muscle contraction of GI and gallbladder

25
Q

What is the function of the G cells in the islets of langerhans?

A

Secretes gastin which stimulates HCl synthesis

26
Q

What is the function of the PP (F) cells in the islets of langerhans?

A

Rlease pancreatic polypeptide, which inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretions

27
Q

What are the two specific causes of DM?

A
  1. beta cells do not produce insulin

2. Defective insulin receptors

28
Q

What is the function of the capsule surrounding suprarenal (adrenal) glands?

A

CT trabeculae carry blood vessels and nerve fibers deep into the gland

29
Q

What are the two layers of parenchyma in the adrenal glands?

A

Cortex and medulla

30
Q

What is the function of the cortex of parenchyma cells in the adrenal glands?

A

Produce corticosteroids

31
Q

What is the function of the medulla of parenchyma cells in the adrenal glands? What is the innervation of this region?

A

Produce catecholains (epi and norepi)

Sympathetics

32
Q

What are the three histological regions of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona Fasciulata
Zona Reticularis

33
Q

What is the outer zone of the adrenal cortex? What is this area’s function?

A

Zona glomerulosa

Produces aldosterone

34
Q

What is the cell type found in the zona glomerulosa? How are these arranged?

A

Columnar cells arranged in cords and clusters

35
Q

What are the histological distinct characteristics of the cells in the zone glomerulsa?

A

Abundant sER lipid droplets

free ribosomes

36
Q

What is the target and effect of the aldosterone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa?

A

i) Main target: distal convoluted tubule of the kidney
ii) Function: stimulate water balance, absorption of
sodium and excretion of potassium

37
Q

What is the second layer of the adrenal cortex? What type of cells are present here? How are they arranged?

A

Zona fasiculata

Spongiocytes arranged i radial columns

38
Q

What imparts the “foamy” appearance of the spongiocytes found in the zona fasiculata?

A

Lipids

39
Q

What are the histological characteristics of spongiocytes?

A

Abundant SER, GA, mitochondria, lipofuscin pigment

40
Q

What do the spongiocytes of the zona fasciculata produce?

A

Cortisol

Corticosterone

41
Q

What is the function of cort and corticosterone?

A

Function in control of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism

42
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome the result of?

A

Results from small tumors of the basophils in the anterior pituitary gland. Tumors produce excess ACTH which over stimulates the suprarenal cortex (cortex enlarges) and produces excess cortisol.

Affected individuals become obese, impotent

43
Q

What is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona reticularis

44
Q

What type of cells are found in the zona reticularis? How are they arranged?

A

Intensely acidophilic, cells contain lipofuscin pigment

Cells form anastomosing cords

45
Q

What are the two products formed by the zona reticularis?

A

(“weak”) androgens:

  1. Dehydroepiandrosterone
  2. Androstenedione
46
Q

What type of cells is the adrenal medulla derived from? What type of cells is it now?

A

Neural crest cells

Is a modified sympathetic ganglion

47
Q

What are the two cell types found within the suprarenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

Sympathetic ganglion cells

48
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

Modified neurons that form cord or clusters in the adrenal medulla

49
Q

What do chromaffin cells synthesize?

A

Catecholamines

epi and nor epi

50
Q

Chromaffin cells receive what nerve terminals?

A

Of preganglionic sympathetic neurons of splanchnic nerves

51
Q

Where are the sympathetic ganglion cells of the adrenal cortex found? Where do they go?

A

In the CT of the medulla

send their axons to the cortex where they modulate cortical activity and innervate blood vessels

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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