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Endocrine II Flashcards

1
Q

Parathyroid glands are covered by what? What does this do/provide?

A

Collagenous capsule that sends septa into the lobes and provides vessels/nerves

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2
Q

What is the specialization of the capillaries in the parathyroid?

A

Fenestration

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3
Q

What is present in the parathyroid glands in adults as we age?

A

Fat

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4
Q

How are the parenchya cells in the parathyroid glands arranged?

A

Cords or clusters

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5
Q

What are the three type of cells in the parathyroid gland?

A
  1. Chief cells
  2. Oxyphil cells
  3. Intermediate cells
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6
Q

Are the chief cells of the parathyroid hormone basophilic or eosinophilic?

A

Eosinophilic

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7
Q

What is the function of the chief cells of the parathyroid gland?

A

Secrete PTH

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8
Q

What are the steps in PTH synthesis (3)

A

Preproparathyroid hormone (pre-PTH) produced by rER ribsomes

This is carried to the rER luimen to form proPTH.

Golgi make the final modification to PTH

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9
Q

How is PTH secreted from cells?

A

via secretory granules

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10
Q

What are oxyphil cells?

A

Dark staining, eosinophilic cells near parathyroid cells that have no known function

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11
Q

What is the function of the intermediate cells in the parathyroid gland?

A

Unknown

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12
Q

What is the function of PTH?

A

Increases [Ca] and decreases [PO4]

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13
Q

PTH glands have receptors for Ca. What stimulates/inhibits parathyroid glands?

A

Low [Ca] stimulates

High [Ca] inhibits

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14
Q

What is the effect of PTH in bone?

A

causes osteoblasts to release osteoclast-stimulating

factor, which triggers osteoclast activity, freeing calcium from bone to enter the bloodstream

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15
Q

What is the effect of PTH in the kidney?

A

Prevents Ca loss in the urine

Promotes phosphate loss in the urine

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16
Q

What is the effect of PTH in the GI tract?

A

Indirectly increasse Ca absoption by changing Vit D formation by kidney

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17
Q

What hormone has the inverse effect as PTH?

A

Calcitonin

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18
Q

What happens if parathyroid glands are removed?

A

Hypocalcemia–tetanus-like symptoms

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19
Q

What is the function of the capsule that surround the pancreas?

A

Gives rise to septa and vessels etc

Partitions lobes

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20
Q

What does the exocrine part of the pancreas contain? Endocrine part?

A

Exocrine = digestive enzymes

Endocrine = hormones

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21
Q

What are the five cell types contained in the islets of Langerhans?

A 
Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
G cells
PP (F) cells
22
Q

What is the function of the A cells in the islets of langerhans?

A

Release glucagon

23
Q

What is the function of the B cells in the islets of langerhans?

A

Produce insulin

24
Q

What is the function of the Delta cells in the islets of langerhans?

A

Release somatostatint to reduce smooth muscle contraction of GI and gallbladder

25
What is the function of the G cells in the islets of langerhans?
Secretes gastin which stimulates HCl synthesis
26
What is the function of the PP (F) cells in the islets of langerhans?
Rlease pancreatic polypeptide, which inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretions
27
What are the two specific causes of DM?
1. beta cells do not produce insulin | 2. Defective insulin receptors
28
What is the function of the capsule surrounding suprarenal (adrenal) glands?
CT trabeculae carry blood vessels and nerve fibers deep into the gland
29
What are the two layers of parenchyma in the adrenal glands?
Cortex and medulla
30
What is the function of the cortex of parenchyma cells in the adrenal glands?
Produce corticosteroids
31
What is the function of the medulla of parenchyma cells in the adrenal glands? What is the innervation of this region?
Produce catecholains (epi and norepi) Sympathetics
32
What are the three histological regions of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa Zona Fasciulata Zona Reticularis
33
What is the outer zone of the adrenal cortex? What is this area's function?
Zona glomerulosa Produces aldosterone
34
What is the cell type found in the zona glomerulosa? How are these arranged?
Columnar cells arranged in cords and clusters
35
What are the histological distinct characteristics of the cells in the zone glomerulsa?
Abundant sER lipid droplets | free ribosomes
36
What is the target and effect of the aldosterone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa?
i) Main target: distal convoluted tubule of the kidney ii) Function: stimulate water balance, absorption of sodium and excretion of potassium
37
What is the second layer of the adrenal cortex? What type of cells are present here? How are they arranged?
Zona fasiculata Spongiocytes arranged i radial columns
38
What imparts the "foamy" appearance of the spongiocytes found in the zona fasiculata?
Lipids
39
What are the histological characteristics of spongiocytes?
Abundant SER, GA, mitochondria, lipofuscin pigment
40
What do the spongiocytes of the zona fasciculata produce?
Cortisol | Corticosterone
41
What is the function of cort and corticosterone?
Function in control of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
42
What is Cushing's syndrome the result of?
Results from small tumors of the basophils in the anterior pituitary gland. Tumors produce excess ACTH which over stimulates the suprarenal cortex (cortex enlarges) and produces excess cortisol. Affected individuals become obese, impotent
43
What is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex?
Zona reticularis
44
What type of cells are found in the zona reticularis? How are they arranged?
Intensely acidophilic, cells contain lipofuscin pigment Cells form anastomosing cords
45
What are the two products formed by the zona reticularis?
("weak") androgens: 1. Dehydroepiandrosterone 2. Androstenedione
46
What type of cells is the adrenal medulla derived from? What type of cells is it now?
Neural crest cells Is a modified sympathetic ganglion
47
What are the two cell types found within the suprarenal medulla?
Chromaffin cells | Sympathetic ganglion cells
48
What are chromaffin cells?
Modified neurons that form cord or clusters in the adrenal medulla
49
What do chromaffin cells synthesize?
Catecholamines | epi and nor epi
50
Chromaffin cells receive what nerve terminals?
Of preganglionic sympathetic neurons of splanchnic nerves
51
Where are the sympathetic ganglion cells of the adrenal cortex found? Where do they go?
In the CT of the medulla send their axons to the cortex where they modulate cortical activity and innervate blood vessels

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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