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Cell and tissue > Cartilage > Flashcards

Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What cells produce cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts

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2
Q

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

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3
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
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4
Q

What is different about cartilage compared to other CT?

A

Elastic, but firm

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5
Q

What type of fibers does cartilage contain?

A

Fine, collagen fibrils

Do not stain well

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6
Q

What type of fibers does elastic cartilage have?

A

Fine collagen

Elastic fibers

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7
Q

What type of fibers are present in fibrocartilage?How are these arranged?

A

Parallel collagen bundles

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8
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyalin

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9
Q

How does hyaline cartilage appear?

A

Glassy, to whitish/bluish

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10
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A
  1. In places where is maintains a lumen (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi)
  2. At articular surfaces of bones
  3. at epiphyseal plates of growing bones
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11
Q

What type of cartilage would you expect to find in: the nose

A

hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

What type of cartilage would you expect to find in: the larynx

A

hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

What type of cartilage would you expect to find in: trachea

A

hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

What type of collagen would you expect to find in: bronchi

A

hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

What type of cartilage would you expect to find in: the ventral ends of the ribs

A

hyaline cartilage

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16
Q

What type of cartilage would you expect to find in: shoulder, hip, elbow, knee

A

hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

What type of cartilage would you expect to find in: epiphiseal plates?

A

hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

What is histogenesis?

A

Growth of hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

What are condrification centers?

A

future cartilage sites

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20
Q

What type of cells form condrification centers?

A

Mesenchymal cells

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21
Q

What shape are mesenchymal cells?

A

Stellate, but turn into round

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22
Q

What cells synthesize the ECM? What type of cells give rise to this type?

A

Chondroblasts, which come from mesenchymal cells

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23
Q

What are lacunea?

A

“Bubbles” within the ECM formed by chondroblasts, where chondroblasts reside

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24
Q

What is the first step in synthesizeing the EMC of hyaline cartilage?

A

Mesenchymal cells retract their bodies from a stellate formation to a circular

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25
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Chondroblasts that have surrounded themselves with the ECM of hyaline cartilage

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26
Q

What are isogenous groups?

A

2-4 groups of cells that all spawned from a single cell, and reside in the same lacunae

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27
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

When isogenous groups divide, synthesize more ECM, and cause the hyaline cartilage to grow

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28
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

The membrane that surrounds ONLY hyaline and elastic cartilage

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29
Q

The perichondrium is derived from what cell type?

A

Mesenchyme

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30
Q

Fibroblasts spawn from what type of cells? What do they synthesize?

A

Spawn from mesenchyme.

Synthesize collagen

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31
Q

What are the two layers of the pericondrium?

A

Inner layer which is cellular

Outer layer which is fiberous (collagen I)

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32
Q

What is present in the outer layer of perichondrium?

A

Collagen I
fibroblasts
blood vessels
Nerves

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33
Q

What is present in the inner layer of the perichondrium?

A

Condrogenic cells (divide to form chondroblasts)

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34
Q

What are chondrogenic cells?

A

Cells that will eventually turn into chondroblasts

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35
Q

How does cartilage grow?

A

on the surface of an existing cartilage, known as appositional growth

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36
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

When a cell layer grows on top of old layers (pushing it outwards)

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37
Q

Does cartilage tissue contain blood vessels?

A

No

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38
Q

How does the inner cell layer get nutrition if there are no blood vessels?

A

Perichondrium supplies it, and since the inner cell layer is hydrated, is diffuses

39
Q

How does the perichondirum keep the growth of the inner cell layer in check?

A

By how far diffusion of nutrients will go in the inner cell layer

40
Q

What is the general function of the outer cell layer of the perichondrium? Inner?

A 
Outer = protection
Inner = growth
41
Q

What are the two ways in which cartilage grows?

A

interstitially and appositionally

42
Q

When does interstitial growth occur in hyaline cartilage (3)?

A
  1. during the early stages of cartilage formation
  2. in articular cartilage (which does not have a perichondrium)
  3. in epiphyseal plates
43
Q

What is intersitial growth?

A

When cell growth occurs from within the cartilage

44
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Cell growth the occurs on the surface of cartilage?

45
Q

Where does appositional growth take place?

A

In most cartilages

46
Q

When does appositional growth occur in cartilage?

A

Throughout the lifespan of the cartilage

47
Q

Interstitial growth occurs from what type of cells?

A

isogenous groups

48
Q

What type of cell is responsible for appositional growth of cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts

49
Q

True or false: there is no perichondrium at the ends of growth plates?

A

True

50
Q

Chondrogenic cells arise from what type of cells?

A

Mesenchymal cells

51
Q

Chondrogenic cells can differentiate into what two types of cells?

A

Chondroblasts (cartilage forming)

Osteoprogenitor cells (bone-forming cells)

52
Q

Can chondrogenic cells synthesize cartilage?

A

No

53
Q

Where are chondrogenic cells found?

A

Condrification centers

The deep layer of the perichondrium

54
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

Maintain matrix

55
Q

Chondroblasts function as what?

A

Forming the matrix and the fibers of cartilage

56
Q

True or false: chondrocytes have a small nucleus, and a small or absent nucleolus?

A

False

57
Q

What does the hyaline cartilage matrix contain?

A

Collagen II
proteoglycans
glyoproteins
ECF

58
Q

Where is the ECF in the hyaline cartilage matrix

A

Hydrating the collagen proteoglycans

59
Q

Is collagen stretchable?

A

No,

60
Q

What are hyaluronan molecules?

A

hyluronic acid that forms the backbone onto which proteoglycans stick

61
Q

What property does the interweaving of hyaluronan molecules supply the matrix?

A

Shock absorption / resilience

62
Q

What percentage of water is located in the intercellular proteoglycan aggregates?

A

60-80%

63
Q

What percentage of the cartilage volume is made up of the extracellular matrix?

A

95%

64
Q

What forms a capsule around each of the cells in an isogenous group (4)?

A

Tyoe VI collagen, Hyaluronan, glycoproteins,

Sulfated proteoglycans

65
Q

What is the stain affinity of the capsule that surrounds the isogenous groups?

A

Basophilic

66
Q

What surrounds each group of isogenous cells? What is the difference between the composition of the capsular matrix, and this?

A

Territorial matrix

Same composition except for lower sulfated proteoglycans

67
Q

What surrounds the territorial matrix? What is the composition if it?

A

Interterritorial matrix

Same composition of the territorial matrix, but more dilute

68
Q

The cartilage matrix consists of what percentage of water that is bound to proteoglycans.

A

60 - 80%

69
Q

Does hyaline cartilage have nerve fibers?

A

no

70
Q

What happens to the hyaline cartilage as we age?

A

Calcifies

71
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found (4)?

A

ear
auditory tubes
epiglottis
larynx

72
Q

What are the two types of fibers present in elastic cartilage?

A

Collagen II

Elastic fibers

73
Q

What is the color of elastic cartilage?

A

yellow

74
Q

Where are elastic fibers found within the elastic cartilage?

A

Territorial matrix

75
Q

Does elastic cartilage calcify with aging?

A

No

76
Q

What function does fibrocartilage serve?

A

transition between dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

77
Q

What is mostly present in the matrix of fibrocartilage?

A

Collagen I

78
Q

Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?

A

No

79
Q

What type of cartilage would you expect to find in: the intervertebral discs (the annulus fibrosus specifically)?

A

fibrocartilage

80
Q

What type of cartilage would you expect to find in: the pubic symphysis?

A

fibrocartilage

81
Q

What type of cartilage would you expect to find in: articular discs (e.g. TMJ)

A

fibrocartilage

82
Q

What type of cartilage would you expect to find in: menisci of the knee joint?

A

fibrocartilage

83
Q

What type of cartilage would you expect to find attached to bone?

A

fibrocartilage

84
Q

How are the condrocytes arranged in fibrocartilage?

A

in rows, squeezed between collagen bundles

85
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

proteoglycan secreting cells found in the fibrocartilage. These turn into chondrocytes when surrounded by matrix

86
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

The breakdown of hyaline cartilage at joints (d/t lower hydration of the GAGs causes fissures)

87
Q

What is the protein that allows for chondroblasts and chondrocytes to stay connected to the ECM?

A

Fibronectin

88
Q

What are the only two types of cartilage that have a perichondrium?

A

Hyaline and elastic. NOT FIBROUS

89
Q

Chondrogenic cells can differentiate into what two cells?

A

chondroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells

90
Q

Chondroblasts can differentiate from what two types of cells?

A

mesenchymal cells

Chondrogenic cells

91
Q

Are chondroblats acidophilic or basophilic?

A

basophilic

92
Q

True or false: chondrocytes can go back to being chondroblasts?

A

True

93
Q

What is the function of fibronectin?

A

Allows chondroblasts and chondrocyte to adhere to the ECM

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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