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Cell and tissue > GI II > Flashcards

GI II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tube?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia/serosa

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2
Q

What are the components of the mucosa of the GI tube?

A

Epithelium resting on BL
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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3
Q

What does the lamina propria of the GI tube contain?

A

CT
Glands
Vessel
Lymph

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4
Q

What is the structure and function of the muscularis mucosae (muscular layer of the mucosa)?

A

a. Two layers of smooth muscle (inner circular and outer longitudinal)
b. Contraction wrinkles the mucosa thereby increasing surface area. This facilitates absorption of nutrients and secretion.

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5
Q

Most of the epithelium of the GI tube is of what type? Where is it different?

A

Simple columnar

Different in the proximal esophagus and anal canal have stratifed squamous

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6
Q

Where in the GI tube are glands present in the submucosa?

A

Esophagus and duodenum

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7
Q

What forms the submucosal layer of the GI tube? (3)

A

Dense CT with blood/lymph and Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

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8
Q

What are the two layers to the muscularis externa? Contraction of these muscles result in what?

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal.

Peristalsis

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9
Q

Can the muscularis externa have three muscle layers?

A

Yes–in the stomach

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10
Q

What is the outermost layer of the GI tube?

A

Serosa

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11
Q

What are the two nerve plexuses of the GI tube, and where are they found?

A

Submucosal (meissner’s)

Myenteric (Auerbach’s)– located in muscularis externa

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12
Q

What does the submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus contain?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic postganglionic fibers

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13
Q

What is the function of the submucosal (Meissner’s plexus)?

A

Regulates glandular activity, blood flow, muscularis mucosae, and is sensory (mechano- and chemo-)

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14
Q

What does the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus contain?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic postganglionic

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15
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

A

Controls peristalsis

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16
Q

What is the epithelial layer of the esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium

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17
Q

Where in the esophagus are the cardiac esophageal glands found? What is their function?

A

In the lamina propria.

Secrete mucus for lubrication

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18
Q

What type of glands are found in the submucosa of the esophagus?

A

Seromucous

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19
Q

Where is the muscularis mucosea developed in the esophagus?

A

Distally

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20
Q

What percent of the upper esophagus is controlled by skeletal muscle?

A

5%

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21
Q

What percent of the esophagus is smooth muscle?

A

> 50%

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22
Q

Where do you find adventitia surrounding that esophagus? Serosa?

A

Thoracic esophagus = adventitia

Abdominal esophagus = serosa

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23
Q

What is the line that separates the esophagus’s stratified epi and the stomach’s simple columnar?

A

Z line

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24
Q

What type of stain is used to highlight the goblet cells of Barrett’s esophagus? What do color do goblet cells and mucus cells stain?

A

PAS/Alcian blue

Goblet = blue
Mucus = reddish/purple
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25
Q

What type of epithelial change occurs in Barrett’s esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous to columnar with goblet cells

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26
Q

What third of the esophagus is most likely to arbor an adenocarcinoma?

A

Distal third

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27
Q

How is cancer graded?

A

By how far a CA penetrates through the GI tube wall

28
Q

Why does CA in the esophagus usually spread in a superior/inferior direction?

A

d/t orientation of the lymph flow

29
Q

If CA spreads in the (blank) of the esophagus’s lymph nodes, it will spread upward.

A

upper 2/3rds

30
Q

What is achalasia?

A

Damage to certain neurons in the myenteric plexus causes constriction of the LES, causing a bird beak appearance in the distal esophagus

31
Q

What are the four regions of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardia
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pylorus
32
Q

What are the rugae of the stomach?

A

Longitudinal folds in the undistended stomach formed by the mucosa and submucosa

33
Q

What epithelial type comprises the suface epithelium of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar, mucus cells

34
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Invaginations of the stomach surface epithelium into the lamina propria

35
Q

Are there many lymphatics in the stomach?

A

No

36
Q

What are the tubular profiles of the epithelium of the stomach, that are in the lamina propria?

A

Glands

37
Q

What are the three gland regions?

A

Isthmus
Neck
Fundus

38
Q

What are the three layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A
  1. Inner oblique layer (only present in some areas)
  2. Middle circular layer
  3. outer longitudinal layer
39
Q

Where is the Middle circular layer of smooth muscle of the stomach thickened?

A

At the pylorus

40
Q

What are the glands of the stomach?

A

Cardiac glands
Gastric glands (most diverse)
Pyloric glands

41
Q

What is the isthmus of gastric glands? What is its function/cell type here?

A

The open segment of the gland. This is the stem cell niche

42
Q

What is the area of gastric glands that is just below the isthmus? What is the main type of cell here?

A

The neck.

Parietal cells

43
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

44
Q

What is the main cell type in the fundus of a gastric gland? What do they secrete?

A

Chief cells

Pepsinogen

45
Q

What is the deepest component of a gastric gland?

A

The fundus

46
Q

What do the surface epithelial cells of the stomach secrete?

A

Mucus

47
Q

What do the entreoednocrine cells in the fundus of gastric glands do?

A

Secrete hormone

48
Q

What is the major secretion of the cardiac glands of the stomach?

A

Mucus

49
Q

What is characteristic of the cardiac glands of the stomach?

A

SHORT gastric pits, LONG glands in the lamina propria

Few other cell types besides mucus cells

50
Q

What is characteristic of the pyloric glands of the stomach?

A

LONG gastric pits with SHORT glands, filled with mostly mucus secreting cells

51
Q

What is the alkaline tide?

A

Bicarbonate that is excreted from the chief cells into the blood stream and carried to the stomach epithelial cells for secretion into the mucus

52
Q

True or false: the goblet cells of the stomach epithelium secrete protective mucus

A

False-the epithelial cell do, there are no goblet cells

53
Q

What is the difference between a stomach ulcer and erosion?

A

If the erosion of the stomach goes through to the submucosa. Otherwise it is erosion

54
Q

True or false; prostaglanins play a role in protecting the stomach lining

A

True

55
Q

Why is lots of cell renewal needed in the stomach epithelium?

A

To regenerate against the low pH

56
Q

What is the gastroduodenal junction?

A

pyloric sphincter is a thickening of the muscularis externa, chiefly its inner circular layer.

57
Q

What are the pilcae circulares?

A

permanent circular folds of submucosa and mucosa in the intestines

58
Q

What are the intestinal villi?

A

highly vascular processes of mucosa

59
Q

What are the microvilli?

A

Villi on the villi

60
Q

What happens in gluten enteropathy? (4 signature features)

A

a. Enterocytes are disarrayed
b. Villus atrophy
c. Crypt (intestinal gland) hyperplasia
d. Inflammation of the lamina propria

61
Q

What is zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

Hyperplasia of the GI tube d/t a gastrin-secreting tumor

Tumor may arise in the duodenum, pancreas, or peripancreatic soft tissue

62
Q

What are the three apexes of the gastrinoma triangle?

A
  1. Junction of cystic and common hepatic ducts
  2. Junction of pancreatic head and neck
  3. Junction of part 2 and 3 of duodenum
63
Q

The pyloric sphinicter of the stomach is a thickening of what layer of the GI tube?

A

Circular layer of the Muscularis

64
Q

What are the three structural modification of the small intestines?

A

Plicar circularis
Villi
Microvilli

65
Q

The plicae circularis is an extension of what layer of the GI tube?

A

The mucosa and submucosa

66
Q

What forms the core of the villus of the intestines?

A

Lamina propria

67
Q

What specialization do the epithelium of the villi of the intestine have?

A

Goblet cells

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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