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Cell VI Flashcards

1
Q

How to Tau tangles appear with E staining?

A

“Flame” inclusions

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2
Q

tau tangles are c/w what disease?

A

Alzheimers

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3
Q

Microtubule assembly occurs at what end? Disassembly?

A

Assembly at the + end

Disassembly at the - end

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4
Q

Where is myosin located in muscle cells?

A

A band

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5
Q

Where is actin filaments located in muscle cells?

A

I band

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6
Q

What are the molecules that stabilize microtubules?

A

Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)

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7
Q

What are examples of MAPs?

A

MAP-1-4, MAP-τ (tau), and TOGρ

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8
Q

What is the diameter of microfilaments?

A

6-8 nm

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9
Q

What are the subunits that comprise microfilaments?

A

Actin

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10
Q

What is the drug discussed in class that inhibits the polymerization of actin?

A

Cytochalasin B

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11
Q

What are the five functions of microfilaments?

A
  1. Structural support (cell cortical fibers)
  2. Form core of microvilli and stereocilia
  3. Movement
  4. Cytokinesis
  5. Formation fo filopodia and lamellipodia
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12
Q

What is the diameter of thick filaments?

A

12-16 nm

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13
Q

What is the proteins that makes up thick filaments?

A

myosin

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14
Q

mutation in the gene encoding the protein myosin causes what?

A

Cardiomyopathy

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15
Q

What is the diameter of intermediate filaments?

A

10 nm

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16
Q

What are the six types of intermediate filaments?

A
  1. Cytokeratin
  2. Desmin
  3. Vimentin
  4. Neurofilaments
  5. Glial fibrillary acidic proteins
  6. Nuclear lamins
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17
Q

What is the general function of the intermediate filaments?

A

Structural support

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18
Q

Why would you want to analyze a CA cell for the type of intermediate filaments?

A

To determine where the tumor came from. Changes the therapy

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19
Q

Where is cytokeratin found? What does it form?

A

Found in epithelial cells where it forms tonofilaments

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20
Q

What are mallory bodies found in?

A

Alcoholic liver disease

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21
Q

What is Epidermolysis bullosa simplex?

A

Mutations in keratin 5 or 14 gene prevent keratin from assembling into strong networks b/t dermis and epidermis.

Epidermis of skin becomes fragile, and blisters easily.

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22
Q

Where is the intermediate filament Desmin found?

A

Striated muscle and non-vascular smooth muscle

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23
Q

Where is the IF Vimentin found (2)?

A

Fibroblasts

Chondroblasts

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24
Q

Where are neurofilaments found? Mutations in them are associated with what?

A

Found in nerve cells

Mutations = neuropathies

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25
Where are glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAPs) found in?
Astrocytic glial cells
26
Aggregates of GFAP are demonstrated in what disease?
Alexander's disease (white matter disease)
27
You analyze a tumor cell using immunocytochemistry, and find cytokeratins being expressed. Where did the tumor originate from?
Epithelial cells
28
You analyze a tumor cell using immunocytochemistry, and find desmin being expressed. Where did the tumor originate from?
Smooth and striated muscle cells
29
You analyze a tumor cell using immunocytochemistry, and find glial fibrillary acidic proteins being expressed. Where did the tumor originate from?
Astrocytic glial cells (type of nerve cell(
30
You analyze a tumor cell using immunocytochemistry, and find neurofilament proteins being expressed. Where did the tumor originate from?
neurons
31
You analyze a tumor cell using immunocytochemistry, and find vimentin being expressed. Where did the tumor originate from?
mesodermal tissue
32
How do neurofilaments impart tensile strength to nerve cell axons?
Have extensive cross links between each other
33
How do you tell the different between neurofilaments and glial intermediate filaments?
Crosslinks greater in neurofilaments
34
What type of intermediate filament constitutes the mallory body? How do these appear with H&E staining?
Cytokeratin | Glossy "twisted rope" areas that are eosinophilic
35
What are Rosenthal's fibers? How do they appear with H&E staining? What disease are the found in?
1. Aggregates of GFAPs. 2. Eosinophilic "worm-like" structures 3. Pilocytic astrocytoma (glial cell tumors)
36
What is the centrosome?
Specialized cytoplasmic region near the nucleus containing two centrioles and an amorphous pericentriolar material
37
The centrosome is a conductor for what type of microtubule characteristics (5)?
1. Number 2. Polarity 3. Direction 4. Orientation 5. Organization
38
How are centrioles oriented relative to one another?
Perpendicular
39
Centrioles are composed of microtubules. How are these arranged?
9 sets of triplets in a circular fashion
40
What is the role of centrioles in mitosis?
Form mitotic spindle
41
What are procentrioles? What do they turn into?
Replicating centrioles that eventually form basal bodies. (Basal bodies are needed for microtubule in cilia and flagella)
42
How can nucleus shape aid you in determining the type of neoplasm?
Well differentiated neoplasms are benign. Vice versa
43
Why are nuclei basophilic?
Negatively charged phosphates on nucleic acids
44
What is the typical size of a nucleus?
3-25 um (most 5-10 um)
45
Where are cajal bodies? What is their significance?
aid in splicing of pre-mRNA to mRNA
46
What process would a cell likely be heavily involved in, if its nucleus has more than one nuceloli?
Protein synthesis (need rRNA)
47
What arePromyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies are involved in?
modifying and assembling proteins tasked with DNA repair and triggering apoptosis
48
What is the space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes called?
Perinuclear space
49
What is the average diameter of nuclear pores? How many subunits comprise it?
70 nm comprised of 8 subunits
50
What happens to the inner and outer membrane at nuclear pores?
fuse
51
On the inner aspect of the nuclear membrane, there is a lattice material. What is this?
Nuclear lamina (intermediate filament)
52
How can you identify nuclear pores with EM?
fusion of the iner and outer nuclear membranes
53
What should you review from biochem for this section?
Ran- import/export
54
What types of protein are imported/exported from the nucleus through nuclear pores?
Ribosomal subunits
55
True or false: the nuclear membranes remain chemically distinct from each other, despite being united at the pores
True
56
The nuclear pores allow free passage of molecules of up to what diameter?
9 nm
57
What are the four molecules that pass through nuclear pores?
RNAs Ribosomal subunits proteins other molecules and ions
58
What is the nuclear lamina composed of?
three classes of polypeptides, all called lamins
59
What are the three functions of the nuclear lamina?
1. Structural support of inner membrane 2. Dis-assembly of nuclear envelope during mitosis 3. Reassembly of the nuclear envelope during mitosis
60
What is the chemical change that signals lamins to disassemble?
Phosphorylation
61
Mutations with the nuclear lamina are associated with what diseases (3)?
1. cardiomyopathy 2. a form of muscular dystrophy 3. two forms of progeria
62
What is progeria?
Premature aging
63
Why does heterochromatin stain more intensely than euchromatin?
tight charge density (basophilic)
64
How many pairs of histone proteins make a nucleosome?
4 pairs
65
Orphan Annie eye nuclei are indicative of what disease?
Papillary thyroid cancer

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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