Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell and tissue > Cell III > Flashcards

Cell III Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five distinct pathways for endocytosis?

A
  1. Macropinocytosis
  2. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
  3. non-coated mediated endocytosis
  4. Caveolae-mediate endocytosis
  5. Phagocystosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does macropinocytosis occur?

A

in thyroid cells as they take up thyroglobulin

dendritic cells of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the molecular structure necessary for macropinocytosis?

A

Actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How specific is macropinocytosis?

A

Not very

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does clathrin-mediated endocytosis occur?

A

At clathrin coated pits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the enzyme that is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis?

A

Dynamin (a GTPase) required to pinch off vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two specific molecules that used the clatharin-mediated endocytosis?

A

cholesterol of the LDL

Protein hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cargo receptors are used in clatharin mediated endocytosis. What is the protein that is necessary for this to happen?

A

Adaptin (on the intracellular side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to the clathrin coated pits once they are taken up by the cell?

A

become uncoated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Recycling of synaptic vesicles is mediated through what process?

A

Clathrin coated pits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does salmonelle gain entry into cells?

A

Through macropinocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do cholera and shiga toxins gain entry into the cell?

A

through non-coated vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the simian virus 40 gain entry into the cell?

A

Caveolae mediated endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

True or false: you need to have receptors in clatharin mediated endocytosis?

A

False- can have them, but not needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is neovascular development?

A

Development of new blood vessels-takes place in atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or false: caveolin-mediated transport is bidirectional?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Cell eating–ingestion of large particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the molecular structure that phagocytosis is dependent on?

A

Actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are phagosomes?

A

The foreign material surrounded by a membrane in a cell after being phagocytized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens to the phagosome?

A

Attached to a lysosome for degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True or false: phagocytosis is usually mediated by receptors

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or false: phagocytosis can only be utilized for biological material

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

bulk secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three types of cellular excretion?

A

Exocytosis
Porocytosis
Exosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is secreted through exocytosis (3)?

A
  1. Proteins and enzymes
  2. Hormones
  3. neurotransmitters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the two pathways of exocytosis?

A

Constitutive

Regulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the constitutive pathway of exocytosis?

A

a continuous excretory process that is not stored in granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the regulated pathway of exocytosis?

A

Where secretory products are stored in secretory vesicles until a signal is received

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does exocytosis require to be function?

A

Ca and ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is porocytosis?

A

Quantal secretion of substances (like neurotransmitters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Through what pathway are antibodies secreted from B-cells?

A

Constitutive exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are exosomes?

A

Secretory products released into the ECM WITH a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the functions of exosomes?

A

To discard unneeded membrane proteins

CA may release exosomes and be a marker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are reticulocytes? How do they release their tranferrin receptor into the blood?

A

Immature RBCs.

Released via exosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is transferrin used for?

A

transfer of heme groups to immature RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are ribosomes basophilic?

A

Negative PO3 groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the size of ribosomes?

A

20x30 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is rRNA synthesized?

A

Nuceloi

39
Q

What are the two subunits for nuclear ribosomes?

A

40s and 60s form the 80s

40
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

cytoplasm

41
Q

How do ribosomes get rRNA?

A

Transported into, then out of nucleus

42
Q

Ribosomes appears as what two types?

A

Individual granulse (subunits)

Polyribosome (mRNA +ribosome)

43
Q

True or false: mature RBCs have ribosomes

A

false

44
Q

Polyribosomes are found where?

A

Free in cytosol or bound to rER

45
Q

What types of protein are synthesized in the cytsol

A

ones used for use inside the cell:

  1. Hb in RBC formation
  2. Mt proteins
  3. proteins in peroxisome
46
Q

What is the destiny of proteins synthezied at the rER?

A

Secreted

47
Q

Is rER acidophilic or basophiliic?

A

Basophilic (has ribosomes)

48
Q

What are is the intercellular network found within the ER called?

A

Cisternae

49
Q

The ER is continuous with what other organelle?

A

The nucleus

50
Q

what protein is needed to bring ribosomes to the translocon of the rER, in order for the protein to be secreted into the rER?

A

SRP

51
Q

what do SRPs bind to?

A

signals on the newly synthesized protein

52
Q

What is needed for the translocon to become usable?

A

un-corking

53
Q

What removes the signal part of the newly synthesized protein once in the rER?

A

Signal peptidase

54
Q

Post-translational translocation of proteins involve what?

A

chaperones

55
Q

What is the function of translocating protein synthesis to the rER?

A

synthesis of:

  • proteins for secretion
  • enzymes in the rER
  • modification of proteins
56
Q

What does every cell that is heavily involved in protein synthesis have?

A

A well developed rER

57
Q

What are the functions of the rER?

A

synthesis of proteins for secretion/insertion into membranes or for lysosomal proteins

Synthesize sER enzymes

Protein modification

58
Q

What are the four options for cells in the unfolded response?

A
  1. increase chaperones
  2. Decreased protein synthesis
  3. export misfolded proteins to cytosol for degradation (ubiquitination/proteosomes)
  4. activate apoptosis
59
Q

What happens to the rER in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency?

A

mutant proteins aggregate in the rER

60
Q

What are the “targeting signals” of proteins?

A

AA sequence that targets the protein for translocation to a particular organelle

61
Q

How do targeting signals of proteins work?

A

direct proteins to their target compartments by binding to receptors that are specific for the organelles. Escort factors may deliver the protein to the target organelle.

62
Q

What does glycosylation do for the cell (2)?

A

Adds signal sequence

Helps in folding

63
Q

What are the functions of the sER? (6)

A
  1. steroid syn
  2. cholesterol homeostasis
  3. syn phospholipids
  4. glycogen metabolism
  5. detox drugs
  6. storage, release, and uptake of Ca
64
Q

How do the cisternae appear in the sER?

A

tubular

65
Q

What is von-gierke disease?

A

defect in glucose-6-phosphatase causing accumulation of glycogen

66
Q

What happens to the sER in EtOH tolerance?

A

increases to increase the p450 enzymes

67
Q

the sER is used in phospholipid synthesis, but it is only on the outside of the membrane. what is needed to get it on the inside?

A

flipases

68
Q

true or false: phospholipids synthesize in the sER go to other organelles by simple excretion

A

False– there is an exchange mechanism for this

69
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia?

A

Affected individuals possess mutant ryanodine-1 receptors that allow excessive movement of Ca2+ from the SR into the cytoplasm in response to the anesthetic agent (e.g., halothane, succinylcholine). Heat is generated, causing hyperthermia, when the SR-Ca2+ pump consumes large quantities of ATP as a means to ramp up its reuptake of Ca2+.

70
Q

Is macropinocytosis energy dependent? What molecules are needed to produce the movement?

A

Yes, need actin to move the membrane

71
Q

How does the organism Salmonella typimurium gain entry into the cell?

A

Through macropinocytosis

72
Q

What are the two toxins discussed that can enter the cell through nonclatharin/noncaveolar transport?

A

Cholera and Shiga toxins

73
Q

What are the steps for clathrin endocytosis?

A
  1. External signals/proteins bind to a receptor on the plasma membrane,
  2. Clathrin binds on the cytosolic surface of the newly formed pit, until new vesicle is formed.
  3. Clatharin uncoats the vesicle and is recycled, while the vesicle goes on to fuse.
74
Q

Is clatharin endocytosis energy dependent? What molecules are needed (2)?

A

yes, GTP is used, as well as a dynamin protein to pinch off vesicle

75
Q

What are the proteins that pinches off the newly formed vesicles n the clatharin dependent transport?

A

Dynamin -GTPase

adaptin

76
Q

LDL endocytosis is mediated through which endocytotic pathway?

A

clatharin

77
Q

Famililal hypercholestremia is the result of what?

A

Change in the LDL receptor on the clatharin side

78
Q

What is neovasculaziation? When does it occur?

A

Formation of new blood vessels–occurs in artherosclerosis

79
Q

How does clatharin mediated endocytosis work in neurotransmitter reuptake?

A

takes a part of the plasma membrane with pumps in it, and forms an empty vesicle. The pumps will take in Ca.

80
Q

How does Caveolin-mediated endocytosis appear on EM?

A

Many small vesicles take in outside substance

81
Q

How does asbestos appear when it is phagocytozed by macro-phages?

A

Sperm

82
Q

Where does the synthesis of sER enzymes take place?

A

rER

83
Q

Where does protein modification take place (besides the Golgi)?

A

rER

84
Q

Where does the synthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion take place?

A

rER

85
Q

What amino acid is used to serve as an attachment point on proteins for N-linked carbs?

A

Asparagine (N)

86
Q

What is the protein that signals degradation of a protein through the proteosome pathway?

A

Ubiquitin

87
Q

Where does steroid synthesis take place?

A

sER

88
Q

Where does cholesterol homestasis take place in the cell?

A

sER

89
Q

Where does the synthesis of phospholipids take place in the cell?

A

sER

90
Q

Where does glycogen metabolism take place in the cell?

A

sER

91
Q

Where does the detoxification of drugs take place in the cell?

A

sER

92
Q

Where is Ca stored in the cell?

A

sER

93
Q

What is von Gierke’s disease?

A

An accumulation of glycogen in cells d/t an issue with either:

  • G6P transporter into the sER
  • glucose-6-phosphatase
94
Q

What is the cause of malignant hyperthermia?

A

A defective ryanodine Ca transporter that is sensitive to succinyl choline and halothane

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions