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Endocrine I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two general population of cells in the hypothalamus?

A

Neurons and special neurons

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2
Q

What do “special” neurons in the hypothalamus secrete?

A

Hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones

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3
Q

What organ does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Pituitary gland

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4
Q

Where are hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones synthesized? Stored? Terminate?

A
  1. Made in Hypothalamus
  2. Stored in axon terminals
  3. Terminate in the median eminence
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5
Q

Where do the hypothalamic neurosecratory transmitters go when released? (3)

A
  1. Primary capillary plexus
  2. Hypophyseal portal veins
  3. Secondary capillary plexus
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6
Q

Where do endocrine glands release their product?

A

ECS and into the bloodstream

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7
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalmus?

A

integration of endocrine and autonomic functions

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8
Q

What is the flow of transmission from the hypothalamus to the target organs?

A

pituitary gland
Hormones
Target organs

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9
Q

The releasing or inhibiting hormones / factors pass into what structure?

A

the parenchyma of the

anterior lobe of the pituitary to influence secretory cells there

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10
Q

What part of the primary and secondary plexus aids in the uptake of neurotransmitters?

A

Fenestration

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11
Q

What is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

Anterior is glandular

Posterior is neuron

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12
Q

What are the two general cell populations in the anterior pituitary?

A

Chromophils

Chromoephobes

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13
Q

What are the two types of chromophils in the anterior pituitary?

A

Acidophils

Basophils

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14
Q

What color do acidophils stain?

A

Orange-red

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15
Q

What are somatotropes?

A

Acidophil

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16
Q

What are the six hormones released by the pituitary?

A
  1. Growth Hormone-releasing hormone
  2. Prolactin-releasing hormone
  3. Prolactin inhibitory factor
  4. Corticotropin-releaseing hormone
  5. Thyroid-stimulating hormone releaseing hormone
  6. Gonadotropin-releaseing hormone
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17
Q

What is the function of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) ?

A

stimulates the secretion of somatotropin (growth hormone, GH)

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18
Q

What is the function of Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (PRH)?

A

stimulates the secretion of prolactin

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19
Q

What is the function of Prolactin-Inhibitory Factor (PIF)?

A

inhibits the secretion of prolactin

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20
Q

What is the function of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)?

A

stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

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21
Q

What is the function of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone-Releasing Hormone (TSH-RH)?

A

stimulates the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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22
Q

What are the two functions of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)?

A
  1. stimulates the secretion of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

2. stimulates the secretion of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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23
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the neurosecratory cells of the hypothalamus housed?

A

In the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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24
Q

What is the function of the neurosecratory cells in the hypothalamus?

A

Synthesize vasopressin (ADH), oxytocin, and neurophysin

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25
Q

What is the function of neurophysin? What produces it?

A

Produced by the hypothalamus, and carries ADH + oxytocin

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26
Q

What is the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?

A

Collection of neurosecratory cells’ unmyelinated axons that carries oxytocin and ADH to the Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland into capillaries

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27
Q

What are the two divisions of the pituitary gland?

A

Adenopophysis (anterior)

Neurohypophysis (posterior)

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28
Q

What is the anterior pituitary covered by? What does it consist of (3)?

A
  1. covered by a fibrous CT capsule

2. Contain cords of cells, reticular fibers, and fenestrated capillaries

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29
Q

What is the function of the fenestrated endothelial lining of the anterior pituitary?

A

Permits the diffusion of releasing factors into the gland

Permits products pass to capillaries

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30
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the anterior lobe?

A

Chromophils

Chromophobes

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31
Q

What are the two types of chromophils?

A

Acidophils

Basophils

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32
Q

What color do acidophils of the anterior pituitary stain?

A

Orange-red with acidic dyes

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33
Q

What are the two types of acidophils found in the anterior pituitary?

A

Somatotropes

Lactotropes

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34
Q

What is the function of somatotropes?

A

Secrete somatotropin (GH) which increases metabolic rates and influences long bone growth

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35
Q

Excessive GH causes what?

A

Gigantism and acromegaly

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36
Q

What are somatotropes stimulated by? Inhibited?

A

Stimulated by GHRH

Inhibited by Somatostatin

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37
Q

What is the function of the chromophil lactotropes?

A

produce prolactin which promotes
mammary gland growth during
pregnancy & lactation following birth

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38
Q

What are lactotropes stimulated by? Inhibited?

A

Stimulated by PRH

Inhibited by PIF

39
Q

What are the three types of basophils (chromophils of the anterior pituitary)? What color do they stain?

A

Corticotropes
Thyrotropes
Gonadotropes

All stain blue

40
Q

What is the function of the chromophilic corticoropes?

A

Secrete ACTH which stimulated the adrenal cortex

41
Q

Corticotropes are stimulated by what?

42
Q

What is the function of the chromophilic thyrotropes?

A

Secrete TSH (thyrotropin)

43
Q

What are thyrotropes stimulated by? Inhibited?

A

Stimulated by TRH

Inhibited by T3 and T4

44
Q

What is the function of the chromophilic gonadotropes?

A

Secrete FSH and LH, components of male and female reproduction

45
Q

Gonadotropes are stimulated by what?

46
Q

What is the infandibulum?

A

Stalk of the pituitary gland

47
Q

What is the posterior pituitary?

A

a neural secretory tissue that functions as a storage depot for neurosecretions produced by neurons of
the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

48
Q

What are the two chemicals that the posterior pituitary contains?

A

ADH and oxytocin

49
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

accumulations of neurosecretory granules in the axons

and axon terminals of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract

50
Q

What specialization do the capillaries near the anterior pituitary have that helps them release hormones into the blood?

A

Fenestrations

51
Q

What do herring bodies contain?

A

Granules of ADH or Oxytocin

52
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

targets the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to lower urine volume

53
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

targets the uterine myometrium, and myoepithelial cells of mammary gland to stimulate smooth muscle contraction of uterus

54
Q

What are pituicytes? Where are they found?

A

Glia-like, local cells that cover and support axons and their terminals of the posterior pituitary

55
Q

What are pituitary adenomes?

A

Benign tumors of the anterior pituitary that may affect the secretory activity of other cells in the anterior pit

56
Q

What causes Diabetes insipidous?

A

Damage to the hypothalamus or the pars nervosa, causing a reduction in ADH

57
Q

What is the capsule that surrounds the thyroid gland derived from? What type of tissues comprises it?

A

Derived from deep cervical fascia, and consists of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

58
Q

What is the function of the capsule of the thyroid?

A

Has trabeculae and septa that parition the glands into lobules and provide vessels and nerves

59
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland (3)?

A

Synthesize T3, T4, and calcitonin

60
Q

What are the functions of T3 and T4?

A

regulate cell and tissue metabolism

and heat production

61
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Reduces [Ca]

62
Q

What is the basic structural unit of the thyroid?

A

The follicle

63
Q

What cellular structure are follicles of the thyroid surrounded by? What is it composed of?

A

Basal lamina composed of reticular fibers

64
Q

What specialization do the capillaries that surround lobules of the thyroid gland have?

A

Fenestrations

65
Q

What is the function of thyroid follicles?

A

d. store glandular secretory product in follicular lumen (extracellularly)

66
Q

Where are the secretory products of endocrine cells usually stored?

A

In the cells themselves

67
Q

What are the three variation of the follicular epithelium of the thyroid follicles, and what does each mean in terms of the activity?

A

Simple squamous = low

Simple cuboidal = nl

Simple collumnar = very active

68
Q

What are the parafollicular cells? What are they derived from? Where are they found?

A
  1. Derived from neural crest cells
  2. Wedged between follicles in the BL
  3. Contain calcitonin
69
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

Peptide hormone stored by parafollicular cells that acts to lower blood [Ca]

70
Q

What is the mechanism by which calcitonin exerts its effects?

A

Inhibits osteoclasts

Promoted [Ca] deposition (osteoid calcification)

71
Q

What is contained within the follicular lumen?

A

Colloid (thryoglobulin = T3, T4)

72
Q

What synthesizes thyroglobulin? Where is it stored?

A

Follicular cells, stored in follicular lumen

73
Q

What happens to the iodine taken in through the diet? Where does it go?

A

Reduced to iodide and transported into follicular cells , where it is bound to Y residues

74
Q

What secretes TSH? Where does it go?

A

Thyrptropes of the Anterior pituitary, to the blood stream to thyroid

75
Q

What is the site of Throglobulin synthesis? What process does it undergo on its way to the follicular lumen?

A
  1. rER
  2. Golgi
  3. Vesicles
  4. Lumen

Glycosylation

76
Q

What type of transporter is used in pumping iodide into the follicular cells?

A

Na/K ATPase

77
Q

What oxidzes iodide? Where is this found?

A

Thyroid peroxidase, bound to the membrane on the follicular APICAL cell membrane, facing the colloid

78
Q

What is needed for the proper functioning of thyroid peroxidase?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

79
Q

What does the reaction of thyroglobulin and iodine produce?

A

MIT and DIT

80
Q

True or false: thyroglobulin is a hormone?

A

False-only a storage vessel for MITs and DITs

81
Q

How are MITs and DITs converted to T3 and T4?

A

uncoupling rxn when they are near each other on thyroglobulin

82
Q

How thyroid hormone released?

A
  1. MITs and DITs taken up by follicular cells
  2. Cleavage from thyroglobulin
  3. Release of T3 and T4 to ECM to capillaries
83
Q

What happens to the MITs and DITs that are cleaved off of the thyroglobulin molecule?

84
Q

What is the cell/structure that releases TSH?

A

Thyrotropes from the Anterior pituitary

85
Q

Where does TSH bind to?

A

Receptors on the basal membrane of follicular cells

86
Q

How does endocytosis of thyroglobulin occur? What happens once inside the follicular cells that allows for digestion?

A

Filopodia forma at the luminal surface and engulfs

Combines with endosomes that have proteases

87
Q

Where is the only place T4 is made? Where else can T3 be made?

A

T4 = thyroid

T4 can be cleaved in the kidney, liver, and heart to make T3

88
Q

What effect does T3 and T4 have on cellular metabolism, growth rate, and mental activity?

89
Q

What effect does T3 and T4 have on phospholipid formation?

90
Q

What effect does T3 and T4 have on triglyceride formation?

91
Q

What effect does T3 and T4 have on cholesterol?

92
Q

What effect does T3 and T4 have on FA synthesis?

93
Q

What effect does T3 and T4 have on body weight?

94
Q

What effect does T3 and T4 have on Heart rate?

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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