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Cell and tissue > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three principle functions of respiration?

A
  1. Air conduction
  2. Air filtration
  3. Gas exchange
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2
Q

What are the two portions of the airway?

A

Conducting system

Respiratory system

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3
Q

What comprises the respiratory system of the airway?

A

alveoli

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4
Q

What is the function of the conducting airways?

A

Transport, conditioning, and filtering

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5
Q

What are the four structures of the extrapulmonary conducting airway?

A
  1. Nasal vestibule and cavity
  2. Nasopharynx and oropharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea and primary bronchi
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6
Q

What structure gives rise to the lobular bronchioles?

A

terminal bronchi

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7
Q

What part of the bronchi undergoes divisions, giving rise to 20 division?

A

Tertiary bronchi

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8
Q

What is anthracosis? Where does it occur?

A

Deposition of carbon in macrophages, occurring in the lymph vessels around secondary pulmonary lobules

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9
Q

Lymphangitic spread of tumors may show nodules within what structure?

A

the interlobular septa of the secondary pulmonary lobule

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10
Q

Each terminal bronchiole and its respiratory bronchiolar branches supply what structyres?

A

Pulmonary acinus

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11
Q

What is the branching that occurs after the bronchiole?

A

Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveoli

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12
Q

Each respiratory bronchiole supplies what structure?

A

Respiratory bronchioloar unit

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13
Q

What are the four structures that make up the respiratory airways?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchiolar unit
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
  4. Alveoli
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14
Q

What type of epithelium covers the olfactory region of the nasopharynx?

A

pseudostratified columnar

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15
Q

What underlies the basal lamina of the olfactory epithelium?

A

Lamina propria

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16
Q

What is the division between the extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary systems?

A

Between the bronchi and the secondary bronchi

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17
Q

What are the four cell types that reside in the olfactory epithelium?

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cells
  2. Sustentacular cells
  3. Brush cells
  4. Basal cells
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18
Q

What type of neurons at the olfactory receptor cells?

A

Bipolar neurons

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19
Q

What is the olfactory vesicle part of the bipolar neuron? What projects from this?

A

The single dendrite at the apical surface of the epithelium

6-8, nonmotile cilia project from this

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20
Q

Where does the basal axon of the olfactory receptor cells go?

A

Penetrates the basal lamina to enter the lamina propria

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21
Q

What en-sheathes the axon of the olfactor receptor cell in the lamina propria?

A

a special type of glial cell sharing the properties of astrocytes and non-myelinating Schwann cells

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22
Q

The sustentacular (supporting) cells of the olfactory epithelium are of what shape, with what specialization?

A

Columnar cells with apical microvilli forming a striated border

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23
Q

What is the function of the Sustentacular (supporting) cells? (2)

A
  1. Provide support and nourishment for olfactory cells

2. insulate the olfactory cells from one another

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24
Q

What imparts the yellow-brown pigementation to the sustentacular cells?

A

Lipofuscin

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25
Q

The brush cells of the olfactory epithelium are in contact with what nerve? What specialization does their apical domain have?

A

CN V

Apical domain has microvilli

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26
Q

Where are the basal cells of the olfactory epithelium found? What is their function?

A

Anchored to the basal lamina

Function = regeneration

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27
Q

The lobular (primary) bronchiole supplies what structure?

A

a secondary pulmonary lobule

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28
Q

Each secondary lobule is surrounded by a septum. What does each septum have?

A

vessels, lymph

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29
Q

What is the branching that occurs after the lobular bronchiole?

A

Terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, and alveoli

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30
Q

What do terminal bronchioles supple?

A

A pulmonary acinus

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31
Q

What do respiratory bronchioles supply?

A

a primary pulmonary lobule

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32
Q

Where do the lymphatic and venous system travel in the secondary pulmonary lobules?

A

In the septa

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33
Q

What are the three major components of the olfactory mucosa?

A

Epithlium, basal lamina, lamina propria

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34
Q

Which part of the bipolar neurons that make up the olfactory receptor cells actually receive signals?

A

The 6-8 nonmotile cilia

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35
Q

What is distinct about the olfactory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified nuclei are MORE distributed throughout the epithelium

36
Q

What are Bowman’s glands?

A

The olfactory glans in the olfactory epithelium

37
Q

What are swell bodies?

A

Cellular bodies that intermittently swell on one side of the nasopharyx, or the other at any given time

38
Q

What are the three histological characteristics/cell type of the olfactor epithelium?

A

Bowman’s glands
Unmyelindated nerve bundles
swell bodies

39
Q

The mucosa of the larynx is continuous with what structure below, and above?

A 
above = pharynx
Below = trachea
40
Q

What type of epithelum covers the larynx? (respiratory epithelium)

A

ciliated, pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells

41
Q

What is the importance of the cilia in the respiratory epithelium?

A

Clearance of mucus

42
Q

What part of the larynx does not have respiratory epithelium? What type of epithelium is present there?

A

Vocal cords have non-keratinized, stratified squamous

43
Q

What three parts of the larynx are covered by non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium?

A
  1. vocal folds
  2. anterior surface of epiglottis
  3. exterior laryngeal surfaces
44
Q

What is the function of the seromucus glands that are in the laryngeal ventricle?

A

Keep the vocal cords moist

45
Q

Where is the vocal ligament found?

A

in the lamina propria overlying the vocalis muscle of the true vocal cord

46
Q

What is Reinke’s space?

A

The part of the lamina propria lying between the basal lamina and the vocal ligament.

47
Q

What happens to the cell diversity when going from the larger airways to the smaller ones? (increases, decreases, same)

A

Diversity decreases

48
Q

What are the epithelial cell types found in the trachea and primary bronchus? Other cells (4)?

A
  1. Ciliated columnar cells
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Basal cells
  4. Neuroendocrine cells
  5. Brush cells
49
Q

What is the combined function of the ciliated columnar cells and the goblet cells in the upper airway?

A

Mucus escalator

50
Q

What is the function of basal cells in the bronchiole epithelium (and generally)?

A

Stem cells

51
Q

What are the two non-epithelial cells found in the airways?

A

Intraepithelial lymphocytes

Mast cells

52
Q

What is the epithelial type found in primary lobules? What are the cells that are present here? (3)

A

Ciliated columnar and cuboidal cells

Goblet cells
Basal cells
Brush cells

53
Q

What are the four cell types that are present in the terminal bronchioles?

A
  1. Ciliated cuboidal cells
  2. Non-ciliated cuboidal cells
  3. Club cells
  4. Brush cells
54
Q

What are the two cell types at the level of the respiratory brochiole? Epithelium here?

A
  1. (Non)/Ciliated cuboidal cells
  2. Club cells
  3. Type I pneumocytes
55
Q

What are the two cell types at the level of the alveoli?

A

Type I and type II pneumocytes

56
Q

What are the four wall layers in the trachea and the primary bronchus?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa with glands
  3. Cartilage
  4. Adventitia
57
Q

What are the five wall layers in the intrapulmonary bronchi?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. muscularis
  3. submucosa with glands
  4. Cartilage
  5. Adventitia
58
Q

What are the three wall layers in the bronchioles?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. muscularis
  3. fibroelastic CT layer
59
Q

What is the submucosa of the trachea’s hallmark feature?

A

Secratory mucus glands

60
Q

Where is the muscularis located in the intrapulmonary bronchus?

A

Between the mucosa and the submucosa

61
Q

What is secreted from the submucosal glands in the intrapulmonary bronchus? (5)

A
  1. Mucins
  2. Lactoferrin
  3. Lysozyme
  4. IgA
  5. Alpha-1-antitrysin
62
Q

What is the function of lactoferrin?

A

eliminates Fe from secretions so that bacteria cannot use it

63
Q

Where does the IgA come from that is secreted by the glandular cells in the intrapulmonary bronchus?

A

Plasma cells

64
Q

What is the function of alpha-1-antitrypsin secreted by the glands of the intrapulmonary bronchus?

A

Keep proteases in check

65
Q

What are the 4 modifications of the airway in pts with asthma?

A
  1. increase in mucus
  2. increase in BL
  3. increase in thickness of lamina propria (d/t inflammatory cells)
  4. increase in thickness of muscularis
  5. Increase in glands of the submucoa
66
Q

What are the changes that take place in chronic bronchitis?

A
  1. Sqamous metaplasia
  2. increased basement membrane d/t inflammatory cells
  3. hypertrophy of muscularis
  4. Glands increased in submucosa
67
Q

As you travel from larger to smaller bronchioles, what happens to the epithelium?

A

Goes from pseudostratified columnar to simple cuboidal

68
Q

Do terminal bronchioles have cartilage? A submucosa? submucosal glands?

A

No

69
Q

Which wall layer is prominent in a bronchiole?

A

Muscular layer

70
Q

What is in the apical domain of club cells?

A

Secretory granules

71
Q

What is CC 16?

A

Antiinflammatory and antioxidant secreted by club cells

72
Q

What do club cells secrete?

A

Surfactant

73
Q

When does CC 16 protein increase?

A

When there is damage to bronchioles

74
Q

If there is no cartilage in bronchioles, what maintains its shape?

A

Elastic fibers in fibroelastic lamina

75
Q

What is the main function of club cells, besides secretion?

A

divide to replace bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells.

76
Q

What are the three cellular residents of alveoli?

A

Type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes
Macrophages

77
Q

What is the shape of type I alveolar cells?

A

extremely thin squamous cells–form 90% of SA

78
Q

Can type I alveolar cells divide?

A

No

79
Q

What is the shape of type II pneumocytes? What specialization do they have?

A

Cuboidal with short apical microvilli

80
Q

What are lamellar bodies?

A

Bodies in type II pneumocytes that contain surfactant

81
Q

What is the function of surfactant? When in development is it produced?

A

Reduce surface tension

20-22 weeks

82
Q

Surfactant is continuously produced as it is turned over by the endocytotic action of type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages. What is the mechanism that brings in surfactant?

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis.

83
Q

What is the effect of DM II on fetuses?

A

Increase in respiratory distress syndrome d/t hyperinsulinemia, and resultant decrease in corticosteroid synthesis

84
Q

What regenerates Type I and II penumocytes?

A

Division of type II

85
Q

Why are macrophages heart failure cells?

A

Accumulate in heart tissue with hemosiderin

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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