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Cell and tissue > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Why is bone classified as a specialized connective tissue?

A

Because it is mineralized and rigid

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2
Q

Does bone have cells, vessels and nerve fibers

A

Yes

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3
Q

True or false: bone is made once and is not reformed unless damage occurs

A

False-constantly being remodeled

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4
Q

What happens when pressure is applied to bone?

A

Bone resoption

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5
Q

Tension on bone results in what?

A

Bone deposition

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6
Q

What are the factors that contribute to orthodontic treatment on teeth that helps to reshape the bony tooth socket?

A

Tension and pressure

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7
Q

What are the four major functions of bone?

A
  1. Support and protection
  2. leverage for moement
  3. storage for minerals
  4. blood cell formation
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8
Q

What are epiphyeses?

A

the two bulbous ends of long bones

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9
Q

What covers the articulating surfaces of epiphyses?

A

hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

What do epiphyseal (growth) plates consist of?

A

hyaline cartilage that ossify at 18-20 y.o.

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11
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

The articulation between the epiphysea place and the diaphysis

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12
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

the loing, ylindrical shaft between the two epiphyses

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13
Q

What is at the core of the long shaft of bones?

A

Marrow

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14
Q

What is the external CT that covers bones capsules?

A

Periosteum

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15
Q

How many layers does the periosteum have? Which layer is growing/

A

Two layers–outer layer is active

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16
Q

What is the type of bone that lines our teeth sockets?

A

The primary immature bundle bone

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17
Q

What is the inner connective tissue of bone called?

A

The endosteum

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18
Q

True or false: periosteum encircles the entire long bone

A

False–the epiphyses do not have periosteum

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19
Q

What does the outer layer of periosteum contain?

A
  1. Dense, collagenous CT and fibroblasts
  2. blood vessels, lymph, nerves
  3. Anchoring “Sharpey’s fibers”
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20
Q

What anchors the periosteum to the underlying bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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21
Q

The cellular layer of the periosteum contains what?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells (immature bone cells)

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22
Q

Where do the osetoprogenitor cells lie?

A

The inner cellular layer of bone

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23
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Soft, organic, non-mineralized bone that comes from osteoprogenitor cells, and is secreted into the inner cell layer

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24
Q

What is the difference between growing and non-growing bone?

A

The inner cell layer of growing bone will have osteoprogenitor cells, while mature bones will have periosteal cells

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25
Q

How do you differentiate between osetoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts?

A

Osteoid (pale staining area) will be presentin oseteoblasts, siince it is newly formed bone matrix

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26
Q

Is osteoid mineralized?

A

Not yet

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27
Q

The endosteum lines what three areas?

A
  1. Bone marrow cavity
  2. Haversian canals
  3. Volkman calanls
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28
Q

What is the function of the Haversian and Volkman canals?

A

allow small vessels and nerve fibers to reach deep into the bone tissue

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29
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Prominent areas of developing bone that stain bright red with H&E

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30
Q

What are spicules?

A

Small areas of developing bone that stain bright red with H&E

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31
Q

The bone matrix has two major components. What are they?

A

Organic

Inorganic

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32
Q

What is the inorganic component of the bone matrix?

A

Mineral containing part of bone what forms about 65% of the dry weight of bones. Gives bone durability

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33
Q

What are the minerals that make up the inorganic component of the bone matrix (6)?

A 
Hydroxapatite (CaPO4) crystals
Bicarbonate
Citrate
Mg
Na
K
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34
Q

What is the organic component of the bone matrix?

A

Layer consisting of fibers and ground substance

This prevents bones from becoming brittle

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35
Q

What is the main type of collagen found in bones?

A

Type I collagen

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36
Q

Is type I collagen acidophilic or basophilic?

A

Acidophilic

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37
Q

What is the function of collagen I in the bone matrix?

A

Prevents bones from becoming brittle

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38
Q

What are the four major components of the ground substance of the organic component of the bone matrix?

A
  1. proteoglycans with GAGs
  2. Multiadhesive glycoproteins
  3. Bone specific Vit K dep proteins
  4. Growth factors and cytokines
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39
Q

What are the four types of glycoproteins found in the organic layer of bone matrix?

A

Osteonectin
Sialoproteins
psteopontin
osteocalcin

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40
Q

What is the function of the glycoprotein oseteonectin?

A

Glue between collagen and hydroxyapatite crystals

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41
Q

What is the function of the glycoproteins Sialoproteins and Osteopontin?

A

Anchor bone cells to the ECM

42
Q

What is the function of the glycoprotein osteocalcin? What is it dependent on?

A

Traps Ca from the blood so that they can mineralize in the bone matrix, and stimulates ocetsoclsts to remodel bone

Dependent on Vit k

43
Q

What is the function of growth factors in the bone matrix?

A

Stimulate the differentiation of mesenchymals cells to osteoblasts

44
Q

Why are growth factors and cytokines used following surgery on long bones/

A

To induce mesechymal cells to differentiate into osteoblasts

45
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Immature osteoblasts that are derived from the mesenchymal cells

46
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Synthesize the organic component of bone matrix

47
Q

What is the distinguishing factor between osteoblasts and osteocytes?

A

Osteocytes are osteoblasts surounded by bone.

48
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A

in the inner layer of mature periosteum and in the endosteum

49
Q

The naming of osteoprogenitor cells change depending on their location. What are the two names/locations?

A

In the inner layer of the mature periosteum, they are called periosteal cells

In the endosteum, they are called endosteal cells

50
Q

Can osteoprogenitor cells undergo mitosis?

A

Yes

51
Q

Where do osteoblasts arise from?

A

osteoprogenitor cells

52
Q

What shape are osteoblasts?

A

Cuboidal - columnar

53
Q

Are osteoblasts acidophilic or basephilic?

A

Basophilic

54
Q

What is the osteoid?

A

newly-formed non-mineralized bone, also referred to as “pre-bone”

It consists of collagen type I and bone matrix proteins (BMPs)

55
Q

The cell membrane of osteoblasts have a high level of what?

A

alkaline phosphatase

56
Q

What is the function of alkaline phosphatase in the formation of new bone?

A

splits pyrophosphate groups from the macromolecules of the matrix

57
Q

How do osetoblasts communicate with other osteoblasts/cytes?

A

Gap junctions

58
Q

Where are ostepclasts derived from/

A

mononuclear hemopoitetic progenitor cells (from bone marrow)

59
Q

What are bone lining cells made from? What is their function?

A

Osteoblasts

  1. Protect from osteoclasts
  2. nutritional support of osteocytes
  3. function in the uptake and release of Ca and PO4 by bone tissue
60
Q

How do bone lining cells interact with osteocytes?

A

have extended gap junctions

61
Q

What are osteocytes? What do they look like?

A

Osteobalsts surrounded in bone matrix.

Stellate shape with cytoplasma radiating from the cell, forming canaliculi

62
Q

How do osteocytes interact with one another?

A

Their cytoplasmic processes contact those of near-by osteocytes and bone- lining cells via gap junctions (which permit ion exchange between cells

63
Q

The space between the osteocyte cell membrane and the lacuna and
canaliculi is what? What is it filled with?

A

the periosteocytic space that hold ECF

64
Q

How do osteocytes receive oxygen and nutrition?

A

From the ECM in the periosteocytic space

65
Q

What will happen if bone matrix is not covered by bone lining cells?

A

Osteoclasts eat away

66
Q

What are osteoclasts? How many nuclei? acido or basophilic? Why?

A

Are multinucleated (with up to 50 nuclei), motile, acidophilic (due to lysosomes containing acid phosphatase), enormous cells

67
Q

Where do osteoclests lie?

A

In Howship’s lacuna (depressions on bone surface)

68
Q

What are the three distinct histological regions that are found near osteoclsts?

A
  1. Ruffled border
  2. Clear zone
  3. Basolateral region
69
Q

Are there lymphatic vessels in Haversian canals?

A

No

70
Q

Where is the only area in the bone that has lymphatic vessels?

A

Periosteium

71
Q

What is the function of the ruffled border on osteoclasts?

A

Increases cell surface area to allow for increase exocytosis of enzymes and endocytosis of broken down bone

72
Q

What is the function of the clear zone in osteoclsts?

A

The actin filaments near the border of the cell allows for a tight fit between the osteoclast and the bone surface.

The clear part is d/tlack of organelles near the ruffled border

73
Q

What is the baslolateral region of the osteoclasts?

A

The area that contains organelles that are used in the excretion of vesicles from the cell

74
Q

What happens to osteoclasts once they complete bone resorption?

A

Apoptose

75
Q

What can drug target to relieve osteoporosis?

A

Stimulate apoptosis of osteoclasts

76
Q

What are the enzymes that are released by osteoclasts that break down the organic part of bone?

A

Lysosomal hydrolases and metalloproteinases

77
Q

What is compact bone?

A

dense (solid) bone, that forms a shell around the exterior of long bones

78
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

spongy (porous) bone that lines the marrow cavity of long bones

contains mainly an irregular arrangement of bone lamellae (layers)

79
Q

Every bone in the body has what two components?

A

A compact part, and a spongy part

80
Q

What is the outer layer of compact bone of the calveria? The inner layer?

A

Outer layer = pericranium

Inner layer = periosteal layer of dura mater

81
Q

Where is cancellous bone found?

A

fills the epiphyses of long bones

82
Q

What type of bone forms the diploe between the inner and outer tables of the skull cap?

A

Cancellous bone

83
Q

When does primary bone form?

A

During fetal development and during bone repair

84
Q

What is primary bone made of?

A

irregular / interlacing bundles of collagen

85
Q

Why is primary bone weaker than mature bone?

A

Has less mineral content than mature bone, and more ground substance

86
Q

Is primary bone permanent?

A

No-it is a TEMPORARY tissue, it is reabsorbed by osteoclasts and then REPLACED by secondary bone (new bone formed by osteoblasts)

87
Q

Why is orthodontic treatment feasible even in adults?

A

bone lining the alveolar sockets (tooth sockets) is referred to as “bundle” bone and remains immature throughout life

88
Q

How are the collagen fibers arranged in primary/immature bone, compared to secondary/mature bone/

A

Immature is random and woven

Mature is straight and stronger

89
Q

Which have concentric lamellae: haversian canals, volkman’s canals, or both?

A

Haversian canals

90
Q

What are the bone lamellae?

A

consist of concentric, “wafer-thin” bone lamellae (layers) containing collagen fibers that are helically-arranged

These are found surrounding Haversian canals

91
Q

What connects osteons to one another/

A

Volkmann canals

92
Q

What is ankylosis?

A

a condition in which two articulating bones at a joint fuse, obliterating the joint so there is no movement. This is often seen with trauma

93
Q

What is RA?

A

an autoimmune disease that attacks the synovial joints, damaging the articular cartilages, producing disfigurement of the joints and severe pain.

94
Q

What is rickets?

A

a disorder that results from calcium deficiency during development, or from inadequate dietary supply of vitamin D which is necessary for calcium absorption form the GI tract. In this disorder, osteoid does not mineralize properly.

95
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

a condition characterized by a reduction in bone mass both in the
organic and inorganic components of its matrix

96
Q

What are the three signals that regulate osteoclasts and are out of wack in osteoporosis?

A

Normally, osteoclast activity is controlled mainly by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and to a lesser extent by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor. In women of child-bearing age, estrogens inhibit the production of these substances, restricting osteoclast activity.

97
Q

Why are teeth more easily shaped than other types of bone?

A

Has a lot of primary bone

98
Q

Do Sharpey’s fibers hold the outer fiberous layer to the inner or the inner to the matrix?

A

Anchors the outer fibrous layer to the inner layer

99
Q

What type of cells are in not growing periosteium? What about growing?

A

Periosteal cells in non-growing, osteoprogenitor cells if growing?

100
Q

What type of cells line the endosteum?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

101
Q

What are the an enzymatically-etched shallow depressions that osteoblasts lie in?

A

Howship’s lacuna

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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