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Cell and tissue > Epithelium I > Flashcards

Epithelium I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of cells layers?

A
  1. simple
  2. stratified
  3. Pseudostratified
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2
Q

What is the defining characteristic of the pseudostratified cell layer?

A

One cell layer, with all cells stemming from the basement membrane

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3
Q

What defines a stratified cell layer?

A

2 or more strata; only the cells of the deepest layer reside on the basement membrane

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4
Q

Are cell layers vascular or avascular? What is the exception to this? Where is this cell type found?

A

Avascular–dependent on ECM

Stria vascularis in the cochlea is the exception

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5
Q

What are the three key characteristics that are used to classify cell epithelia?

A
  1. Number of cell layers
  2. cell shape in superficial layer
  3. Presence of specializations
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6
Q

What are the three types of simple epithelia?

A
  1. Squamous
  2. cuboidal
  3. columnar
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7
Q

What are the four types of stratified epithelia?

A
  1. squamous nonkeratinied
  2. cuboidal
  3. squamous keratinized
  4. columnar
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8
Q

What is the defining characteristic of transitional epithelia?

A

relaxed (not flat)

Distended (flattened)

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9
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

Urinary bladder

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10
Q

What type of epitheliuum is in blood vessels?

A

Simple Squamous

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11
Q

What are the three functions of simple squamous epithelia?

A
  1. Blood brain barrier
  2. Filtration
  3. Exchange
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12
Q

What type of epithelium is in the abdominal cavity (mesothelium)?

A

Simple squamous

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13
Q

What type of epithelia is in alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

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14
Q

What established the blood-brain barrier?

A

Tight connections between the squamous epithelia

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15
Q

What type of epithelium would be found in thyroid folliciles?

A

Simple cuboidal

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16
Q

What type of epithelium would be found in rental tubules?

A

Simple cuboidal

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17
Q

What type of epithelium would be found in the ducts of glands?

A

Simple cuboidal

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18
Q

What are the four functions of simple cuboidal?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Secretion
  3. Barrier
  4. Conduit
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19
Q

What type of epithelium would be found in the stomach?

A

Nonciliated Simple columnar

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20
Q

What type of epithelium would be found in the intestines?

A

Nonciliated simple columnar

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21
Q

What type of epithelium would be found in uterine tubes?

A

Ciliated simple columnar

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22
Q

What are the three functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Absorption
Secretion
Barrier

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23
Q

What is the function of the cilia of the simple columnar cells of the uteruis?

A

Help oocyte move

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24
Q

What type of epithelium would be found in the trachea?

A

ciliated Pseudostratified

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25
Q

What type of epithelium would be found in the bronchi?

A

ciliated Pseudostratified

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26
Q

What type of epithelium would be found in ducts of the male reproductive system?

A

Pseudostratified with stereocilia

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27
Q

What are the four functions of ciliated pseudostratified,

A

Secretion
Absorption
Barrier
Transport

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28
Q

What is the telltale sign that you are looking at a slide from the trachea?

A

THICK basement membrane

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29
Q

Where type of epithelia are “goblets” found?

A

Pseudostratified

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30
Q

What type of epithelium would you find in the esophagus?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

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31
Q

What type of epithelium would you find in the distal anal canal?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

32
Q

What type of epithelium would you find in vagina?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

33
Q

What type of epithelium would you find in Epidermis?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

34
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Barrier

Protection

35
Q

Keratinized epithelium have kertatinized dead cells at the top of the epithelia. What is the advantage of this?

A

Extra protection/barrier

36
Q

Looking at a sample of keratinized epithelial cells, you see large, eosinophilic keratin deposits that appear as whorled “pearls”. What is your diagnosis?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

37
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelia are not common. Where is one place you would see this?

A

When cells are undergoing change from one type of epithelium to another

38
Q

What is the other name for transitional epithelium?

A

Urothelium

39
Q

Where are the three places that transitional epithelium is found?

A

Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

40
Q

What are the three functions of the transitional epithelium?

A

Barrier
Protection
Distension

41
Q

What is the key characteristic to look for when attempting to determine if a transitional cell is distended or not?

A

If the top cells are flat or dome shaped

Dome = not distended

42
Q

How do you grade the type/severity of transitional cell carcinoma?

A

How deep it goes from the epithelium

43
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

The process of epithelium changing from one type to another

44
Q

Normally the trachea has pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cili. What happens when there is a chronic insult to this layer of cells?

A

Undergoes metaplasia, changes to stratified squamous epithelium, and loses the cilia

45
Q

What is the significance of losing cilia in the trachea due to smoking and metaplastic changes of the epithelium?

A

Cannot clear mucus

46
Q

Under normal conditions, the distal esophagus has a stratified squamous epithelium, but undergoes metaplasia if it is exposed to a chronic insult, such as acidic stomach secretions in GERD. What type of epithelium will it change into? Is this cancerous?

A

Change to intestinal-like mucus secreting cells with goblets.

This is precancerous

47
Q

What are the four major types of specializations that the plasmalemma can have in epithelium?

A

Cilia
Flagella
Microvilli
Stereocilia (sterovilli)

48
Q

What are the three types of cilia?

A
  1. motile
  2. primary (monocilum)
  3. nodal
49
Q

True or false: the cilia in the primitive node (nodal cilia) are motile

A

True

50
Q

What are the three defining characteristics of motile cilium, when viewing it from a transverse cross-section (the upper part)?

A
  1. Nine sets of doublet microtubules arranged in a circle
  2. Dyenin ATPases with the triplets
  3. a single microtubule doublet in the center
51
Q

The basal body of the motile cilium has what type of microtubular array?

A

9x3

52
Q

What is the microtubular arragement of primary (non-motile) cilia?

A

9x2 arrays all the way through

53
Q

What are the three functions of primary cilia?

A
  1. Chemoreceptors
  2. Osmoreceptors
  3. mechanoreceptors
54
Q

What type of cilia form chemoreceptors?

A

primary (non-motile) cilia

55
Q

What type of cilia form osmoreceptors?

A

primary (non-motile) cilia

56
Q

What type of cilia form mechanoreceptors?

A

primary (non-motile) cilia

57
Q

What type of cilia play a pivitol role in the formation of the kidney tubules?

A

Primary (non-motile) cilia

58
Q

A mutation in polycistin 1 or 2 results in the development of what? What is the specific change in the cell that causes this?

A

Polycystic kidney tubules due to improper orientation of the mitotic spindle

59
Q

Nodal cilia have what type of microtubule arrangement? What is the difference between nodal cilia and primary cilia?

A

9x2

60
Q

Nodal cilia appear to have the same microtubular structure as primary cilia. What is the difference between nodal cilia and primary cilia?

A

Nodal are motile

61
Q

What do nodal cilia help in the development of? A defect in this process leads to what condition?

A

Left/right axis

Situs inversus

62
Q

Microvillia are an extansion of what structure?

A

Plasma membrane

63
Q

What type of filaments are found within microvilia?

A

Actin

64
Q

What do the actin filaments in microvilli form at the base of the structure?

A

Cross link actin of other microvilli to form the terminal web

65
Q

The actin filaments within microvilli are crosslinked by four actin-binding proteins. What are their names?

A

Villin
Espin
Fimbrin
Myosin I

66
Q

What is the actin binding protein that is found at the tip of the microvilli?

A

Villin

67
Q

What is the actin binding protein that crosslinks that actin filaments in the terminal web? Action of this protein causes what?

A

Myosin II

Contraction, spreading the microvilli apart

68
Q

Key distinction!!– what is the structural difference between microvillia and cilia (what makes up each ones’ structure?)

A

Cilia have microtubules in their structure

Microvillia have actin

69
Q

Brush borders are filled with microvilli or cilia?

A

Microvilli

70
Q

What type of stain would you use to highlight a brush border (tricky)?

A

PAS–there is a carb border at the top called the glycocalyx

71
Q

Looking at a brush border epithelium that is stained with PAS, you see a huge deposit of stain in an oblong shape, that opens to the outside of the brush border. What is this strucutre?

A

Goblet filled with mucopolysaccharides

72
Q

What type of filaments are in stereovilli?

A

Actin

73
Q

Where are sterovili found (2)?

A

male reproductive ducts

Inner ear

74
Q

What are the two major differences in sterocili(villi) versus microvilli?

A

Stereovilli are basically (1) longer versions of microvilli with (2) cytoplasmic bridges to cross link actin filaments

75
Q

What is the triad of signs/symptoms of Kartagenar syndrome?

A
  1. Chronic sinusitus
  2. Bronchiectasis
  3. Situs inversus
76
Q

What causes Kartagenar syndrome?

A

Defective dynein arms lead to immotile cilia and flagella

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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