Epithelium I

Question 1

What are the three types of cells layers?

Answer 1

1. simple
2. stratified
3. Pseudostratified

Question 2

What is the defining characteristic of the pseudostratified cell layer?

Answer 2

One cell layer, with all cells stemming from the basement membrane

Question 3

What defines a stratified cell layer?

Answer 3

2 or more strata; only the cells of the deepest layer reside on the basement membrane

Question 4

Are cell layers vascular or avascular? What is the exception to this? Where is this cell type found?

Answer 4

Avascular–dependent on ECM

Stria vascularis in the cochlea is the exception

Question 5

What are the three key characteristics that are used to classify cell epithelia?

Answer 5

1. Number of cell layers
2. cell shape in superficial layer
3. Presence of specializations

Question 6

What are the three types of simple epithelia?

Answer 6

1. Squamous
2. cuboidal
3. columnar

Question 7

What are the four types of stratified epithelia?

Answer 7

1. squamous nonkeratinied
2. cuboidal
3. squamous keratinized
4. columnar

Question 8

What is the defining characteristic of transitional epithelia?

Answer 8

relaxed (not flat)

Distended (flattened)

Question 9

Where is transitional epithelium found?

Answer 9

Urinary bladder

Question 10

What type of epitheliuum is in blood vessels?

Answer 10

Simple Squamous

Question 11

What are the three functions of simple squamous epithelia?

Answer 11

1. Blood brain barrier
2. Filtration
3. Exchange

Question 12

What type of epithelium is in the abdominal cavity (mesothelium)?

Answer 12

Simple squamous

Question 13

What type of epithelia is in alveoli?

Answer 13

Simple squamous

Question 14

What established the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 14

Tight connections between the squamous epithelia

Question 15

What type of epithelium would be found in thyroid folliciles?

Answer 15

Simple cuboidal

Question 16

What type of epithelium would be found in rental tubules?

Answer 16

Simple cuboidal

Question 17

What type of epithelium would be found in the ducts of glands?

Answer 17

Simple cuboidal

Question 18

What are the four functions of simple cuboidal?

Answer 18

1. Absorption
2. Secretion
3. Barrier
4. Conduit

Question 19

What type of epithelium would be found in the stomach?

Answer 19

Nonciliated Simple columnar

Question 20

What type of epithelium would be found in the intestines?

Answer 20

Nonciliated simple columnar

Question 21

What type of epithelium would be found in uterine tubes?

Answer 21

Ciliated simple columnar

Question 22

What are the three functions of simple columnar epithelium?

Answer 22

Absorption
Secretion
Barrier

Question 23

What is the function of the cilia of the simple columnar cells of the uteruis?

Answer 23

Help oocyte move

Question 24

What type of epithelium would be found in the trachea?

Answer 24

ciliated Pseudostratified

Question 25

What type of epithelium would be found in the bronchi?

Answer 25

ciliated Pseudostratified

Question 26

What type of epithelium would be found in ducts of the male reproductive system?

Answer 26

Pseudostratified with stereocilia

Question 27

What are the four functions of ciliated pseudostratified,

Answer 27

Secretion Absorption Barrier Transport

Question 28

What is the telltale sign that you are looking at a slide from the trachea?

Answer 28

THICK basement membrane

Question 29

Where type of epithelia are "goblets" found?

Answer 29

Pseudostratified

Question 30

What type of epithelium would you find in the esophagus?

Answer 30

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

Question 31

What type of epithelium would you find in the distal anal canal?

Answer 31

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

Question 32

What type of epithelium would you find in vagina?

Answer 32

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

Question 33

What type of epithelium would you find in Epidermis?

Answer 33

Keratinized stratified squamous

Question 34

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 34

Barrier | Protection

Question 35

Keratinized epithelium have kertatinized dead cells at the top of the epithelia. What is the advantage of this?

Answer 35

Extra protection/barrier

Question 36

Looking at a sample of keratinized epithelial cells, you see large, eosinophilic keratin deposits that appear as whorled "pearls". What is your diagnosis?

Answer 36

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 37

Stratified cuboidal epithelia are not common. Where is one place you would see this?

Answer 37

When cells are undergoing change from one type of epithelium to another

Question 38

What is the other name for transitional epithelium?

Answer 38

Urothelium

Question 39

Where are the three places that transitional epithelium is found?

Answer 39

Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

Question 40

What are the three functions of the transitional epithelium?

Answer 40

Barrier Protection Distension

Question 41

What is the key characteristic to look for when attempting to determine if a transitional cell is distended or not?

Answer 41

If the top cells are flat or dome shaped Dome = not distended

Question 42

How do you grade the type/severity of transitional cell carcinoma?

Answer 42

How deep it goes from the epithelium

Question 43

What is metaplasia?

Answer 43

The process of epithelium changing from one type to another

Question 44

Normally the trachea has pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cili. What happens when there is a chronic insult to this layer of cells?

Answer 44

Undergoes metaplasia, changes to stratified squamous epithelium, and loses the cilia

Question 45

What is the significance of losing cilia in the trachea due to smoking and metaplastic changes of the epithelium?

Answer 45

Cannot clear mucus

Question 46

Under normal conditions, the distal esophagus has a stratified squamous epithelium, but undergoes metaplasia if it is exposed to a chronic insult, such as acidic stomach secretions in GERD. What type of epithelium will it change into? Is this cancerous?

Answer 46

Change to intestinal-like mucus secreting cells with goblets. This is precancerous

Question 47

What are the four major types of specializations that the plasmalemma can have in epithelium?

Answer 47

Cilia Flagella Microvilli Stereocilia (sterovilli)

Question 48

What are the three types of cilia?

Answer 48

1. motile 2. primary (monocilum) 3. nodal

Question 49

True or false: the cilia in the primitive node (nodal cilia) are motile

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What are the three defining characteristics of motile cilium, when viewing it from a transverse cross-section (the upper part)?

Answer 50

1. Nine sets of doublet microtubules arranged in a circle 2. Dyenin ATPases with the triplets 3. a single microtubule doublet in the center

Question 51

The basal body of the motile cilium has what type of microtubular array?

Answer 51

9x3

Question 52

What is the microtubular arragement of primary (non-motile) cilia?

Answer 52

9x2 arrays all the way through

Question 53

What are the three functions of primary cilia?

Answer 53

1. Chemoreceptors 2. Osmoreceptors 3. mechanoreceptors

Question 54

What type of cilia form chemoreceptors?

Answer 54

primary (non-motile) cilia

Question 55

What type of cilia form osmoreceptors?

Answer 55

primary (non-motile) cilia

Question 56

What type of cilia form mechanoreceptors?

Answer 56

primary (non-motile) cilia

Question 57

What type of cilia play a pivitol role in the formation of the kidney tubules?

Answer 57

Primary (non-motile) cilia

Question 58

A mutation in polycistin 1 or 2 results in the development of what? What is the specific change in the cell that causes this?

Answer 58

Polycystic kidney tubules due to improper orientation of the mitotic spindle

Question 59

Nodal cilia have what type of microtubule arrangement? What is the difference between nodal cilia and primary cilia?

Answer 59

9x2

Question 60

Nodal cilia appear to have the same microtubular structure as primary cilia. What is the difference between nodal cilia and primary cilia?

Answer 60

Nodal are motile

Question 61

What do nodal cilia help in the development of? A defect in this process leads to what condition?

Answer 61

Left/right axis Situs inversus

Question 62

Microvillia are an extansion of what structure?

Answer 62

Plasma membrane

Question 63

What type of filaments are found within microvilia?

Answer 63

Actin

Question 64

What do the actin filaments in microvilli form at the base of the structure?

Answer 64

Cross link actin of other microvilli to form the terminal web

Question 65

The actin filaments within microvilli are crosslinked by four actin-binding proteins. What are their names?

Answer 65

Villin Espin Fimbrin Myosin I

Question 66

What is the actin binding protein that is found at the tip of the microvilli?

Answer 66

Villin

Question 67

What is the actin binding protein that crosslinks that actin filaments in the terminal web? Action of this protein causes what?

Answer 67

Myosin II Contraction, spreading the microvilli apart

Question 68

Key distinction!!-- what is the structural difference between microvillia and cilia (what makes up each ones' structure?)

Answer 68

Cilia have microtubules in their structure Microvillia have actin

Question 69

Brush borders are filled with microvilli or cilia?

Answer 69

Microvilli

Question 70

What type of stain would you use to highlight a brush border (tricky)?

Answer 70

PAS--there is a carb border at the top called the glycocalyx

Question 71

Looking at a brush border epithelium that is stained with PAS, you see a huge deposit of stain in an oblong shape, that opens to the outside of the brush border. What is this strucutre?

Answer 71

Goblet filled with mucopolysaccharides

Question 72

What type of filaments are in stereovilli?

Answer 72

Actin

Question 73

Where are sterovili found (2)?

Answer 73

male reproductive ducts Inner ear

Question 74

What are the two major differences in sterocili(villi) versus microvilli?

Answer 74

Stereovilli are basically (1) longer versions of microvilli with (2) cytoplasmic bridges to cross link actin filaments

Question 75

What is the triad of signs/symptoms of Kartagenar syndrome?

Answer 75

1. Chronic sinusitus 2. Bronchiectasis 3. Situs inversus

Question 76

What causes Kartagenar syndrome?

Answer 76

Defective dynein arms lead to immotile cilia and flagella