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Cell and tissue > Cell V > Flashcards

Cell V Flashcards

1
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

a mechanism that uses membrane-bound structures, called transport vesicles, to ferry proteins from the donor compartment to the target membrane

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2
Q

How is vesicular transport selective (2)?

A

Transport vesicles must dock with correct target on membrane

Transport vesicle must package appropriate proteins for delivery

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3
Q

What is the protein that coats vesicles and directs them from the ER to the golgi?

A

COP II

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4
Q

What is the protein that coats vesicles, and directs the from the golgi back to the ER?

A

COP I

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5
Q

What is clatharin used for?

A

Coating incoming vesicles from the plasma membrane

Helps form secretory vesicles and directs to endosomes

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6
Q

What are the role of SNARE proteins?

A

allow the vesicle to recognize its target domain.

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7
Q

What are v-SNAREs?

A

SNARE proteins on vesicles

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8
Q

what are t-SNAREs?

A

SNARE proteins on target membranes

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9
Q

Why would you want to have equal flow of vesicles from the ER to the Golgi (3)?

A
  1. Maintain membrane balance
  2. Recycle SNAREs
  3. Send back misdelivered proteins
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10
Q

How do the neurotoxins of tetanus and botulism exert their effects?

A

enter nerve terminals and proteolyse SNARE proteins

(This prevents vesicles containing neurotransmitters from docking with the pre-synaptic membrane of the nerve cell.

Tetanus toxins enter inhibitory neurons thereby releasing the braking effect on motoneurons)

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11
Q

Is the mitochondria acidophilic or basophilic?

A

Acidophilic

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12
Q

What are the only two organelles that have two membranes?

A

Nucleus and mitochondria

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13
Q

What does the term pleomorphic mean? Which organelle does it describe?

A

ovoid or elongated threadlike structures: are motile and change their shape

Mitochondria

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14
Q

How big are mitochondria?

A

0.5-1 um in length

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15
Q

What type of cells have numerous mitochondria?

A

Cells that have high metabolic activity

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16
Q

What are the striations of the plasmalemma? Where can these be seen?

A

Region

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17
Q

What is the characteristic feature that can by used to compare two mitochondria when trying to determine which one is more involved in energy metabolism?

A

Number of crista

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18
Q

What type of cell does not require mitochondria?

A

RBCs

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19
Q

What is the space that the cristie project?

A

Matrix

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20
Q

Which membrane is more selective the inner or outer mitochondiral membrane?

A

Inner

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21
Q

What is the length of the mitchondira?

A

10 um

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22
Q

How many mitochondria do lympocytes have (relatively)?

A

Few

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23
Q

How many mitochondria do hepatocytes have?

A

1000 (22% of total cell volume)

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24
Q

How many mitochondria do cardiac muscle cells have?

A

40% of cells volume

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25
Q

True or false: the number of mitochondira in muscle cells are relatively set and do not change unless as a part of a disease process

A

False–change with exercise vs sedentary lifestyle

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26
Q

True or false: mitochondira are easy to pick out via light microscopy due to their characteristic shape

A

False–very hard to see them at all with light microscopy unless you used tagged succinate dehydrogenase

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27
Q

What are the three components of mitochondira?

A

Proteins (mainly)
Lipids
RNA and mtDNA

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28
Q

Where are most of the mt proteins synthesized? What synthesizes them?

A

cytoplasm by free polyribosomes

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29
Q

About how long do mt last?

A

short time–some only 10 days

30
Q

How do mts reproduce?

A

fission or fusion with one another.

31
Q

What are the two outer mt membrane transporters?

A

TOM complex

SAM complex

32
Q

What are the three inner mt membrane transporters?

A

TIM 23
TIM 22
OXA complex

33
Q

What causes the decreased permeability of the inner mt membrane?

A

due to the presence of a high conc. of a phospholipid called cardiolipin

34
Q

Why are mitochondria located next to the tuble in kidneys?

A

Support energy dependent ion gradient

35
Q

Mitochondria in palisades confer what when stained?

A

Acidophilic striations

36
Q

mt with tubular criste are involved in what process? What if they are shelf-like?

A

Cholesterol/steroid synthesis if tubular

ATP generation if shelf like

37
Q

If you see a mitochondria with tubular cristae, what else are you likely to see in the cell nearby?

A

Deposits of lipids

38
Q

Would you expect to find mitochondria with tubular or shelf-like cristae in hepatocytes?

A

Shelf-like

39
Q

Would you expect to find mt with tubular or shelf-like cristae in Cardiac/skeltal muscle?

A

Shelf-like

40
Q

Would you expect to find mt with tubular or shelf-like christae in steroid secreting cells?

A

Tubular

41
Q

What is released from mitochondria to initiate apoptosis?

A

Cytochrome C

42
Q

What is MERRF? HOw is it recognized?

A

At the electron microscopic level, affected mitochondria harbor “parking lot” inclusions. Mitochondria are also observed to assume peculiar shapes and cristal disruption.

43
Q

What is the ping pong process of hormone synthesis?

A

Cholesterol go to mt to sER, back to mt, secreted

44
Q

What are parking lot inclusions in mt that are seen at the EM level diagnostic of?

A

MERRF

45
Q

Odd shape mt are diagnostic of what?

A

Substance abuse (like EtOH)

46
Q

What are the five functions of peroxisomes?

A 
Regulate H2O2
Kill pathogens
Oxidize EtOH
Plasmalogen
Beta FA oxidation
47
Q

Zwellweger syndrome is the result of what?

A

impaired import of enzymes into the peroxisomes –no ether linkages in plamsa membrane lipids

48
Q

True or false: cytoskeleton elements are considered to be organelles?

A

True

49
Q

What are the three filaments?

A

Actin (thin)
Intermediate filaments
Myosin (thick)

50
Q

What are microtubules made up of?

A

Tublin subunits

51
Q

What are the structural elements that are hallow in cytoplasm?

A

Microtubules

52
Q

What is Dynein?

A

ATPase attached to microtubules

53
Q

What is the function of kinesin?

A

move vesicles on microtubule tracts frmo negative to positive end

54
Q

Why is it important that microtubules are charged?

A

direct movement of vesicles

55
Q

In what disease do lipids accumulate in the cerebellum?

A

Zellweger syndrome

56
Q

How do peroxisomes get their enzymes?

A

From free polyribosome protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

57
Q

What does the enzyme catalase do?

A

Forms water and oxygen from H2O2

58
Q

True or false: Peroxisomal β-oxidation may equal that of mitochondria in some cell types.

A

True

59
Q

How do peroxisomes maintain their phospholipid bilayer?

A

Phospholipid exchange proteins from sER maintain it

60
Q

What is the defect that causes Zellweger syndrome?

A

Peroxisomal enzymes are not transported into the peroxisome. This is due to a defective import protein on the unit membrane of the peroxisome.

61
Q

What are the four components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules
Actin (microfilaments)
Myosin (thick filaments)
Intermediate filaments

62
Q

What is the diameter of microtubules?

A

24 nm

63
Q

What is the composition of microtubules?

A

13 longitudinally arranged protofilaments made of tubulin dimers

64
Q

What are the two molecules necessary for microtubule polymerization?

A

Mg ions and GTP

65
Q

Where does microtubule synthesis occur?

A

From a ring of γ-tubulin within a microtubule-organizing center possessing many capping proteins.

66
Q

What are three drugs that inhibit microtubule polymerization?

A

Colchicine, vinblastine, and vincristine

67
Q

What is a drug that inhibits microtubule depolymerization?

A

Taxol

68
Q

What is the function of inhibiting microtubule synthesis/depolymerization?

A

Anti-mitotic (CA)

69
Q

What are the five major functions of microtubules?

A
  1. Support cytoplasm
  2. Organelle support
  3. Cell division
  4. Motility of cilia and flagella
  5. Long range transport of vesicles by microtubule motor proteins
70
Q

What are the two types of motor proteins used in microtubular transport? Which way does each move along the microtubule?

A

Kinesin -toward the periphery (neg to pos)

Dynein - toward the nucleus (positive to negative)

71
Q

A sample of cells taken from a 5 mo show an accumulation of VLCFAs, and a biopsy of the cerebellum show lipdi deposits. What is your diagnosis?

A

Zellweger syndrome

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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