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Medical applications of processing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the seven steps of tissue processing?

A
  1. Fixation
  2. Dehydration
  3. Clearing
  4. Embedding
  5. Sectioning
  6. Mounting
  7. Staining
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2
Q

What is the chemical used in fixation? What does it do?

A

Formalin or glutaraldehyde

Preserves, fixates, and renders structure resistant to further processing

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3
Q

What is the chemical used in dehydration? What does it do?

A

Graded series of EtOH

Removes water from tissue specimen

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4
Q

What is the chemical used in clearing? What does it do?

A

Xylene

Prepares the tissue for embedding medium

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5
Q

What is done in sectioning?

A

Cut tissue into thin slices

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6
Q

What is done in mounting?

A

Place cut section on a slide

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7
Q

What is the chemical used in staining? Why is staining performed?

A

Various chemicals are used.

Imparts contrast to tissue so that they can be distinguished

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8
Q

What is the chemical used in embedding? What does it do?

A

Paraffin invades tissues, making them hard and section-able

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9
Q

What is the charge of acid dyes? What structure does this bind to?

A

negative

mito

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10
Q

What is the charge of basic dyes? What structure does this bind to?

A

Positive

Nucleus

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11
Q

What is eosin?

A

Acidic, red dye

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12
Q

What is hematoxylin?

A

Basic, blue dye

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13
Q

What is metachromasia?

A

is a phenomeonon in which a given stain imparts different colors to the tissue (based on density, and wavelength changes)

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14
Q

What is the term that describes cellular structures that have a net positive charge? Negative?

A

Acidophilic

Basophilic

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15
Q

What is the structure affinity (4) and color imparted for hematoxylin?

A

Nucleus RNA, DNA, ribosomes, a rER

blue

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16
Q

What is the structure affinity (5) and color imparted for eosin?

A

Secretory vesicles, sER, lysosomes, mitochondria, type I collagen

pink

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17
Q

What is the structure affinity and color imparted for feulgen reaction?

A

DNA magenta

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18
Q

What is the structure affinity (4) and color imparted for Mallory triple?

A

Nuceli (red)

muscle (red/orange)

collagen (blue)

Hyaline cartilage (blue)

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19
Q

What is the structure affinity and color imparted for the PAS reaction?

A

Carbs

Magenta

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20
Q

What is the structure affinity and color imparted for the osmic reaction?

A

Lipids

Black

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21
Q

What is the structure affinity and color imparted for verhoeff?

A

Elastic fibers

black

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22
Q

What is the structure affinity (3) and color imparted for silver methods?

A

Intermediate filaments of nerve cells, glial cells, and reticular fibers

Black

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23
Q

What is the structure affinity and color imparted for trypan blue?

A

macrophages

Blue

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24
Q

What is the structure affinity and color imparted for prussian blue?

A

Hemosiderin (ferric Fe)

Blue

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25
Q

What is the structure affinity and color imparted for Nissl?

A

Ribosomes

Blue

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26
Q

What is the structure affinity (5) and color imparted for Iron hematoxylin?

A

Nuclear elements, chromosomes, mitochondria, centrioles, and muscle striation

Dark blue/black

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27
Q

What are the medical applications of H and E?

A

coagulative necrosis

28
Q

What are the medical applications of PAS

A

identify thickened basement membranes in kidney/glycogen storage diseases and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency in liver cells

29
Q

What are the medical applications of mallory triple?

A

Highlight fibrosis

30
Q

What are the medical applications of feulgen reaction?

A

Demonstrate nuclear changes in CA

31
Q

What are the medical applications of prussian blue?

A

excessive Fe accumulation in hemochromatosis

32
Q

What are the medical applications of congo red?

A

extracellular deposits of amyloid

33
Q

What are the medical applications of verhoeff?

A

elastic fiber in Marfan sydrome

34
Q

How is necrosis seen when using H and E dyes?

A

More intense areas of dye uptake (coagulation of cells)

35
Q

How do you identify increased basement membrane? (what stain, looking for what?)

A

Use PAS –increased uptake

36
Q

What is the function of alpha-antitrypsin?

A

form connective tissue–made in liver

Identified by PAS

37
Q

What stain would you use to identify pulmonary fibrotic lung disease?

A

Mallory triple (collagen stains)

38
Q

What stain would you use to look for DNA?

A

Feulgen reaction

39
Q

What technique would you use to look for hemochromotosis?

A

Prussian blue

40
Q

What stain would you use to identify amyloid?

41
Q

What chemical would you use to identify elastic fibers?

42
Q

When are frozen tissue sections used?

A

Useful for urgent diagnosis (but detail lost)

43
Q

What is immunocytochemistry? When is it utilized?

A

Using labeled antibodies

Estrogen receptors,
Categorize CA cells

44
Q

What is the difference between the direct versus the indirect method of immunocytochemistry?

A

Direct = antigen and marker are one

Indirect = antigen separate from marker–marker added to another antibody which attaches to the first antibody

45
Q

What is a more accurate method of detection, direct or indirect immunocytochemisty?

A

Indirect (more markers)

46
Q

What method would you use to categorize a tumor cell with cytokeratin/epithelial cells?

A

Immunocytochemistry

47
Q

What is kaposi sarcoma? What antigen do they express?

A

CA of the lymphatic epithelium

D2-40

48
Q

How would you identify a kaposi sarcoma under a light microscope?

A

Apply tagged antibodies to D2-40

49
Q

What type of method would you use to identify HER2/Neu receptors or estrogen receptors?

A

Immunocytochemistry

50
Q

What is In situ hybridization?

A

Instead of antibodies, this technique uses complementary nucleic acid probes to specifically identify a nuclei acid sequence of interest

51
Q

Why would you use in situ hybridization?

A

Identify a specific virus

Detect gene amplification

52
Q

What type of molecule is heparin? Where is it found?

A

GAG mast cells

53
Q

Is heparin basophilic or acidophilic? Why?

A

Basophilic, has negatively charge sulfates

54
Q

Is toludine blue an acidic or basic dye? What color is it?

A

basic blue

55
Q

In alpha-1-antitrypsin disease, where does misfolded trypsin accumulate? What are the symptoms?

A

Proteins accumulate in the sER. COPD (even w/o smoking)

56
Q

What color does Mallory triple stain Nuclei?

57
Q

What color does Mallory triple stain muscle cells?

58
Q

What color does Mallory triple stain collagen?

59
Q

What color does Mallory triple stain hyaline cartilage?

60
Q

What color will congo red appear in normal light? Polarized light?

A

Red in normal light

Red-green in polarized light

61
Q

What type of stain would you use to highlight elastic fibers like in Marfan syndrome?

62
Q

What is immunocytochemistry used in diagnosing CA?

A

To see where the tumor originated from, and how aggressive it is.

To see if ER+

63
Q

anticytokeratin comes from what tissue?

A

Epithelial

64
Q

Kaposi sarcoma is CA derived from what tissue type?

A

Lymphatic cells

65
Q

What is the specific antigen marker that lymphatic vessels express?

66
Q

You are trying to determine if a patient has the BRCA1/2 gene. What is one way to determine if they have this mutation?

67
Q

Overexpression of ALK (a Y kinase) is indicative of what?

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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