Cell 1

Question 1

What are the three cellular constituents?

Answer 1

Organelles
Inclusions
Cytosol

Question 2

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 2

Part of cell external to the nucleus–suspends organelles

Question 3

What is the cytosol?

Answer 3

The cytoplasm that is devoid of organelles and inclusions

Question 4

What are the three categories of inclusions?

Answer 4

Stored food
Pigments (exogenous/endogenous)
Crystalline

Question 5

What are inclusions?

Answer 5

nonliving entities found in the cytoplasm and nucleus.

Question 6

True or false, inclusions are typically bound by a membrane

Answer 6

False

Question 7

How do lipid areas show up when staining with H and E?

Answer 7

Empty cells (washed away with staining)

Question 8

How do lipid areas show up when staining with osmium tetroxide?

Answer 8

Black dots

Question 9

Besides the presence of fat in fatty liver, what else is characteristic of the disease when look at cells?

Answer 9

Signet ring appearance since nuclei are pushed to the periphery

Question 10

What is McArdle disease?

Answer 10

A glycogen storage disease caused by a defect in muscle phosphorylase.

Question 11

How would you identify McArdle disease?

Answer 11

PAS and look for build up.

Question 12

What are the two energy/food inclusions found in cells?

Answer 12

Lipids

Carbs (glycogen)

Question 13

What is the pigment that causes the color of fat?

Answer 13

Carotene

Question 14

What is carotenemia?

Answer 14

Excess consumption of carotene–benign

Question 15

What is anthracosis?

Answer 15

An accumulation of carbon particles in lungs and regional lymph node macrophages (benign)

Question 16

How do tattoos work?

Answer 16

Macrophages in dermis take up pigments–permanent residents

Question 17

What is hemosiderin? Where is it found?

What color is it with H&E?

Answer 17

An iron storage protein that is brown with H&E.

Found in macropharge of the spleen and liver

Question 18

What is hemosiderosis?

Answer 18

increased absorption of Fe from the blood–stored in liver (more severe = hemachromatosis)

Question 19

What is the cause of hemosiderosis?

Answer 19

increased deposition of hemosiderin from food, heme destruction, transfusions, heart failure

Question 20

Macrophages with hemosiderin accumulation is diagnostic for what condition?

Answer 20

Heart failure

Question 21

What are the two types of melanin?

Answer 21

Eumelanin (skin)

Neuromelanin (brainstem)

Question 22

Why is melanin located around the nucleus in epidermal cells/brainstem cells?

Answer 22

To protect the DNA

Question 23

In what disease does neuromelanin decrease?

Answer 23

Parkinsons

Question 24

What is phaeomelanin?

Answer 24

Red pigment (not protective of UV light)

Question 25

What is lipofuscin?

Answer 25

Brownish-yellow pigment that is an amalgam of lipids, metals, and organic molecules (aka “wear and tear’ and aging pigment)

Question 26

Where does lipofuscin accumulate?

Answer 26

neurons and cardiac/skeletal muscle

Question 27

Accumulation of lipofuscin is a measurement of what

Answer 27

stress in malnutrition and cachexia

Question 28

What type of inclusions can form in the nucleus?

Answer 28

Virus inclusions (e.g. cytomegalovirus)

Question 29

Where are crystalline inclusions found?

Answer 29

Cells of leydig and sertoli

Question 30

What is the plasmalemma?

Answer 30

Plasma membrane

Question 31

What are the three types of lipids contained within the plasma membrane?

Answer 31

Phospholipids Glycolipids Cholesterol

Question 32

What are the two types of proteins within the plasma membrane?

Answer 32

Peripheral and integral

Question 33

What is reinke crystal?

Answer 33

Tumor of the cells of leydig

Question 34

What is a charcot-bottcher inclusion body?

Answer 34

Tumor of the sertoli cell.

Question 35

What molecules accumulate in lipid rafts?

Answer 35

Sphingolipids (glycosphingolipid and sphingomyelin) and cholesterol

Question 36

What organelle aggregates in the lipid raft regions?

Answer 36

Signalling membrane proteins

Question 37

What is the signalling protein found in many CA cells?

Answer 37

Akt

Question 38

What does Akt signal do?

Answer 38

helps tumor cells survive

Question 39

What types of tissue would you see glycogen stores in?

Answer 39

Muscle/liver

Question 40

How does glycogen appear in EM? PAS?

Answer 40

Black dots in EM | Magenta in PAS

Question 41

How do lipids appear with H&M staining? Osmium reaction?

Answer 41

Empty spaces in H&M, black dots with Osmium reaction

Question 42

What type of stain would you use to highlight the plasmalemma?

Answer 42

Osmium (lipids)

Question 43

Why can statins be effective in the treatment of cancers that are due to the over-activation of signalling proteins?

Answer 43

Signalling proteins are found in lipid rafts. No cholesterol=lipid needed to rafts

Question 44

What disease does ACTH increase melanin?

Answer 44

Addison's