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Cell and tissue > Cell 1 > Flashcards

Cell 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three cellular constituents?

A

Organelles
Inclusions
Cytosol

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2
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Part of cell external to the nucleus–suspends organelles

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3
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

The cytoplasm that is devoid of organelles and inclusions

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4
Q

What are the three categories of inclusions?

A

Stored food
Pigments (exogenous/endogenous)
Crystalline

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5
Q

What are inclusions?

A

nonliving entities found in the cytoplasm and nucleus.

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6
Q

True or false, inclusions are typically bound by a membrane

A

False

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7
Q

How do lipid areas show up when staining with H and E?

A

Empty cells (washed away with staining)

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8
Q

How do lipid areas show up when staining with osmium tetroxide?

A

Black dots

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9
Q

Besides the presence of fat in fatty liver, what else is characteristic of the disease when look at cells?

A

Signet ring appearance since nuclei are pushed to the periphery

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10
Q

What is McArdle disease?

A

A glycogen storage disease caused by a defect in muscle phosphorylase.

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11
Q

How would you identify McArdle disease?

A

PAS and look for build up.

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12
Q

What are the two energy/food inclusions found in cells?

A

Lipids

Carbs (glycogen)

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13
Q

What is the pigment that causes the color of fat?

A

Carotene

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14
Q

What is carotenemia?

A

Excess consumption of carotene–benign

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15
Q

What is anthracosis?

A

An accumulation of carbon particles in lungs and regional lymph node macrophages (benign)

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16
Q

How do tattoos work?

A

Macrophages in dermis take up pigments–permanent residents

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17
Q

What is hemosiderin? Where is it found?

What color is it with H&E?

A

An iron storage protein that is brown with H&E.

Found in macropharge of the spleen and liver

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18
Q

What is hemosiderosis?

A

increased absorption of Fe from the blood–stored in liver (more severe = hemachromatosis)

19
Q

What is the cause of hemosiderosis?

A

increased deposition of hemosiderin from food, heme destruction, transfusions, heart failure

20
Q

Macrophages with hemosiderin accumulation is diagnostic for what condition?

A

Heart failure

21
Q

What are the two types of melanin?

A

Eumelanin (skin)

Neuromelanin (brainstem)

22
Q

Why is melanin located around the nucleus in epidermal cells/brainstem cells?

A

To protect the DNA

23
Q

In what disease does neuromelanin decrease?

A

Parkinsons

24
Q

What is phaeomelanin?

A

Red pigment (not protective of UV light)

25
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

Brownish-yellow pigment that is an amalgam of lipids, metals, and organic molecules (aka “wear and tear’ and aging pigment)

26
Q

Where does lipofuscin accumulate?

A

neurons and cardiac/skeletal muscle

27
Q

Accumulation of lipofuscin is a measurement of what

A

stress in malnutrition and cachexia

28
Q

What type of inclusions can form in the nucleus?

A

Virus inclusions (e.g. cytomegalovirus)

29
Q

Where are crystalline inclusions found?

A

Cells of leydig and sertoli

30
Q

What is the plasmalemma?

A

Plasma membrane

31
Q

What are the three types of lipids contained within the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Cholesterol

32
Q

What are the two types of proteins within the plasma membrane?

A

Peripheral and integral

33
Q

What is reinke crystal?

A

Tumor of the cells of leydig

34
Q

What is a charcot-bottcher inclusion body?

A

Tumor of the sertoli cell.

35
Q

What molecules accumulate in lipid rafts?

A

Sphingolipids (glycosphingolipid and sphingomyelin) and cholesterol

36
Q

What organelle aggregates in the lipid raft regions?

A

Signalling membrane proteins

37
Q

What is the signalling protein found in many CA cells?

A

Akt

38
Q

What does Akt signal do?

A

helps tumor cells survive

39
Q

What types of tissue would you see glycogen stores in?

A

Muscle/liver

40
Q

How does glycogen appear in EM? PAS?

A

Black dots in EM

Magenta in PAS

41
Q

How do lipids appear with H&M staining? Osmium reaction?

A

Empty spaces in H&M, black dots with Osmium reaction

42
Q

What type of stain would you use to highlight the plasmalemma?

A

Osmium (lipids)

43
Q

Why can statins be effective in the treatment of cancers that are due to the over-activation of signalling proteins?

A

Signalling proteins are found in lipid rafts. No cholesterol=lipid needed to rafts

44
Q

What disease does ACTH increase melanin?

A

Addison’s

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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