Cell 1 Flashcards
What are the three cellular constituents?
Organelles
Inclusions
Cytosol
What is the cytoplasm?
Part of cell external to the nucleus–suspends organelles
What is the cytosol?
The cytoplasm that is devoid of organelles and inclusions
What are the three categories of inclusions?
Stored food
Pigments (exogenous/endogenous)
Crystalline
What are inclusions?
nonliving entities found in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
True or false, inclusions are typically bound by a membrane
False
How do lipid areas show up when staining with H and E?
Empty cells (washed away with staining)
How do lipid areas show up when staining with osmium tetroxide?
Black dots
Besides the presence of fat in fatty liver, what else is characteristic of the disease when look at cells?
Signet ring appearance since nuclei are pushed to the periphery
What is McArdle disease?
A glycogen storage disease caused by a defect in muscle phosphorylase.
How would you identify McArdle disease?
PAS and look for build up.
What are the two energy/food inclusions found in cells?
Lipids
Carbs (glycogen)
What is the pigment that causes the color of fat?
Carotene
What is carotenemia?
Excess consumption of carotene–benign
What is anthracosis?
An accumulation of carbon particles in lungs and regional lymph node macrophages (benign)
How do tattoos work?
Macrophages in dermis take up pigments–permanent residents
What is hemosiderin? Where is it found?
What color is it with H&E?
An iron storage protein that is brown with H&E.
Found in macropharge of the spleen and liver
What is hemosiderosis?
increased absorption of Fe from the blood–stored in liver (more severe = hemachromatosis)
What is the cause of hemosiderosis?
increased deposition of hemosiderin from food, heme destruction, transfusions, heart failure
Macrophages with hemosiderin accumulation is diagnostic for what condition?
Heart failure
What are the two types of melanin?
Eumelanin (skin)
Neuromelanin (brainstem)
Why is melanin located around the nucleus in epidermal cells/brainstem cells?
To protect the DNA
In what disease does neuromelanin decrease?
Parkinsons
What is phaeomelanin?
Red pigment (not protective of UV light)
What is lipofuscin?
Brownish-yellow pigment that is an amalgam of lipids, metals, and organic molecules (aka “wear and tear’ and aging pigment)
Where does lipofuscin accumulate?
neurons and cardiac/skeletal muscle
Accumulation of lipofuscin is a measurement of what
stress in malnutrition and cachexia
What type of inclusions can form in the nucleus?
Virus inclusions (e.g. cytomegalovirus)
Where are crystalline inclusions found?
Cells of leydig and sertoli
What is the plasmalemma?
Plasma membrane
What are the three types of lipids contained within the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Cholesterol
What are the two types of proteins within the plasma membrane?
Peripheral and integral
What is reinke crystal?
Tumor of the cells of leydig
What is a charcot-bottcher inclusion body?
Tumor of the sertoli cell.
What molecules accumulate in lipid rafts?
Sphingolipids (glycosphingolipid and sphingomyelin) and cholesterol
What organelle aggregates in the lipid raft regions?
Signalling membrane proteins
What is the signalling protein found in many CA cells?
Akt
What does Akt signal do?
helps tumor cells survive
What types of tissue would you see glycogen stores in?
Muscle/liver
How does glycogen appear in EM? PAS?
Black dots in EM
Magenta in PAS
How do lipids appear with H&M staining? Osmium reaction?
Empty spaces in H&M, black dots with Osmium reaction
What type of stain would you use to highlight the plasmalemma?
Osmium (lipids)
Why can statins be effective in the treatment of cancers that are due to the over-activation of signalling proteins?
Signalling proteins are found in lipid rafts. No cholesterol=lipid needed to rafts
What disease does ACTH increase melanin?
Addison’s
